Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Risk Management - Essay Example Thus facility might be owned by local authorities or councils while the event might have a number of service providers such as medical and transport companies. The event must be executed in conformance with agreements signed with them. Next there is the inevitable risk of increasing costs as the project or the event gets under way. It’s financially sacrosanct to control the event’s costs within the budgeted limits. For example in the case of the above sports event the government might sanction limits on spending by local authorities. If the event management company fails to identify the degree of risk associated with overspending then it’s bound to fail. Similarly insurance costs associated with the event must be controlled. This goal is of very critical significance for the successful implementation of the event. For instance the greater the element of risk associated with an event the greater will be the insurance premium to be paid by the company to the insurer (Bannerman, 2008). For example in times and places where there is tension taking tourists to a site would involve a greater degree of risk. Thus in order to insure the tour, including the life and property (e.g. the bus) the insurer would demand a higher premium. Thus reducing the risk related premium as far as possible is an objective of the firm. Fifthly reducing over concern with risk is one of the goals in event risk management process (Williams, 1993). For example non-profit organizations have a tendency to reduce the risk element associated with event management by removing the anxiety of stakeholders. A non-profit organization involved in social welfare projects might plan an event like introducing a novel agricultural or farming technique to local farmers. The anxiety about the degree of risk associated with the adoption of the new technique might in fact increase the level of risk. Sixthly the organization must take into consideration the social

Models of Integration Implementation Research Paper

Models of Integration Implementation - Research Paper Example Any software development procedure is divided into numerous logic stages that permit the developer to consolidate work competently, in order to build a software product of the necessary functionality within a precise period and financial plan. This model is a progressive scheme process, in which advancement is seen as flowing progressively down, like a waterfall, over the phases of formation, commencement, analysis, scheme, assembly, testing, and upkeep. According to this model, each stage must be finalized before the subsequent stage can begin (Petrice, 2002). This model traces its roots in the construction and manufacturing industries, which comprise highly organized physical settings in which after-the –fact fluctuations are excessively inflated, if not unbearable. This hardware sloping model was merely adjusted for software development at the time for the reason that no software development approaches existed. Winston frequently quotes formal explanation of this model as a 1970 article. He however did not specifically use the word waterfall in the article. He termed the model as an example of faulty, non-working model (Petrice, 2002). According to Royce, the software in request is premeditated and a blue print is drawn for implementers or coders to trail. Once design is thorough, an application of that plan is made by coders, and just before the later stages of the implementation stage, distinct software components manufactured are joined to present new functionality and abridged risk over the removal of errors (Petrice, 2002). This model is not suitable for a high-level plan; it is only applicable in a low-level project plan (Petrice, 2002). This is due to lack of prototype in the earlier stages of the process, until the implementation stage. This might present a catastrophe for a high-level plan, in terms of costs and time spent, for any fault would necessities the repeat of the development process.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Autoimmune Disorder

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Autoimmune Disorder AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS The immune system is an important system within the human body that defends against disease and internal malfunction. When there is an invader or a pathogen, the bodys immune system responds accordingly, usually destroying the pathogen before it can infect the body and cause illness. The immune system also helps identify malfunctioning cells and eliminates them before faulty DNA is replicated. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system of a patient no longer identifies foreign versus self correctly. The immune system of a patient with an autoimmune disorder will attack the bodys cells or tissues causing damage or death. (Lettre Rioux, 2008). Autoimmune disorders can be genetically predisposed, but just because a patient is predisposed to a particular disorder does not mean they will necessarily experience it. Often times, autoimmune disorders occur through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. This means a patient may have a genetic predisposition for systemic lupus erythematosus but the disorder is triggered by an invading virus the patient encounters and only thereafter do they suffer from the symptoms of SLE. There are now 68 genetic precursors that are linked to the development of autoimmune disorders, while in the past only about 15 had been identified. Symptoms of autoimmune diseases vary depending on what part of the body the immune system is attacking (Understanding Autoimmune Diseases, 2016) (Lettre Rioux, 2008). Within the immune system there are several types of cells. B-cells and T-cells play key roles within the immune system and in autoimmune diseases. There are two types of T-cells, CD4 T-helper cells that identify an invader and make the antibody creating B-cells aware and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells which will destroy a previously encountered threat without stimulating the creation of antibodies by B-cells. CD4 T-cells are also known as regulatory T-cells (Treg cells). These Tregs play a role in preventing autoimmunity by maintaining the ability to identify self. When these cells no longer identify self properly or at all, an autoimmune disease occurs. When T-helper cells do not identify self-versus-foreign properly they stimulate B-cells to create antibodies to destroy the bodys tissues or cells, called autoantibodies, or the cytotoxic T-cells will destroy the tissue or cells of oneself. (Venes et al., 2005, pp. 132, 135, 203, 204) (Corthay, 2009) (Hampe, 2012). SLE or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease most commonly characterized by joint pain (arthralgia) and swelling (edema). SLE can also cause fatigue, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, and butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose of the face, and hair loss. Other symptoms depend on where the body is being attacked by the immune system. For instance, if the immune system of a patient with SLE is attacking the heart of the patient an additional symptom of arrhythmia may be experienced. (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2016). Diagnosis of SLE can be difficult as it can be associated with varying symptoms. A test known as antinuclear antibody test (ANA) is used to help diagnose SLE. An antinuclear antibody is an antibody created by the patients immune system to attack the bodys tissues and cells. Some ANA tests are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect florescent antibody (IFA). These tests examine how many antinuclear antibodies are present in a patients blood. ANA tests are used when the autoimmune disease may be affecting more than one area of the body; this is called a systemic autoimmune disease. Because SLE is systemic, an ANA test helps confirm that SLE is the diagnosis as opposed to rheumatoid arthritis. However, having a positive ANA test does not mean that a patient has SLE. SLE is often misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis because they share common symptoms such as edema and arthralgia this is why doctors often use an assortment of other tests to diagnose SLE, along with a physi cal exam as four of the eleven common symptoms of SLE must be present before a patient can be diagnosed. Some of those common symptoms were listed above: butterfly rash across the face, joint pain, sensitivity to sunlight, hair loss, fatigue, and edema. (Antinuclear Antibody, 2017)(Starkebaum, 2016)(Bocco, 2017). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus can be treated but not cured. Because it is an autoimmune disease, SLE is treated with immunosuppressants. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an immunosuppressant that slows down the immune system and its attack on the bodys tissues and cells. HCQ was originally used in the treatment of malaria and is known as a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). It is recommended that patients diagnosed with SLE immediately start a HCQ regiment as this drug help prevent further damage from the disease process. HCQ is usually used in chorus with other pain relief drugs because HCQ itself does not provide immediate pain relief. NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are often used in joint pain management for patients with SLE. Over time, HCQ will help relieve joint pain in SLE sufferers as well as help stop further damage to any other affected organs and joints. Corticosteroids are often also prescribed to those with SLE as joint pain is a prominent symptom of SLE. Corticosteroids mimic naturally produced strong anti-inflammatory substances within the body. However, treatments come with risk factors. In rare cases, HQC can cause retinopathy; retinopathy is when vision is altered or complete blindness occurs. Likewise, long term use of corticosteroids has adverse effects including: osteoporosis, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), and cataracts. Dosage of corticosteroids are adjusted for long term use in patients with SLE to avoid these side effects and routine eye exams are done on those using HCQ to prevent retinopathy. (Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), 2014) (Bartels, 2016) (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus predominantly affects women. Research suggests this is due in part to estrogen. For every one man diagnosed with SLE, there are nine to twenty women diagnosed. Within the population of women who are at risk for SLE, women who are not white are at a higher risk for SLE as well as women under the age of 15 and over the age of 45. The discrepancy in race may have to do with the fact that colored females have higher recorded levels of estrogen than do white females.   Estrogen is thought to make women more susceptible to an autoimmune disease such as SLE because of its intracellular transcription ability to alter DNA. The effects of estrogen have also been studied holistically in association with the disease. Estrogen may encourage systemic inflammation in SLE and affect the severity of the disease and acute instances of it. Although estrogen has been identified as causing inflammation it has also been identified as prohibiting inflammation; thus meaning es trogen can act oppositely as it does in SLE in terms of another autoimmune disease. The discrepancy between the genders cannot completely be accounted for primarily with estrogen levels, however. Sex hormones are not the only determining factor for autoimmune diseases, others include; epigenetics, infections, genetics, and external environment. (Pierdominici Ortona, 2013, pp. 25-27) (Khan Ahmed, 2015) (Isherwood Witter, 2012) References Antinuclear Antibody (ANA). (2017, March 22). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Lab Tests Online website: https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ana/tab/test/ Bartels, C. M. (2016, September 19). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Treatment and Management (H. S. Diamond, Ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Medscape website: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332244-treatment Bocco, D. (2017, January 3). The Difference Between Lupus and RA (N. Carteron, Ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Healthline website: http://www.healthline.com/health/lupus-and-ra#Overview1 Corthay, A. (2009, June 27). How do Regulatory T Cells Work? Retrieved March 22, 2017, from NCBI website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784904/ Hampe, C. S. (2012, September 23). B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from Hindawi website: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/215308/ Hansen, M. S., Schuman, S. G. (2011, June). Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinal Toxicity. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from American Academy of Ophthamology website: https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/hydroxychloroquine-induced-retinal-toxicity Isherwood, D., Witter, J. (2012, July 16). Lupus fact sheet (B. Diamond, Ed.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from Womenshealth.gov website: https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/lupus.html Khan, D., Ahmed, S. A. (2015, December 3). The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from NCBI website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701921/ Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, November 26). Prednisone and other corticosteroids. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Mayo Clinic website: http://www.mayoclinic.org/steroids/art-20045692?pg=2 Pierdominici, M., Ortona, E. (2013). Estrogen Impact on Autoimmunity Onset and Progression: the Paradigm of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. International Trends in Immunity, 1(2), 24-34. Retrieved from http://researchpub.org/journal/iti/number/vol1-no2/vol1-no2-3.pdf Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine). (2014, February 10). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Netdoctor website: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/aches-and-pains/a7356/plaquenil-hydroxychloroquine/ Starkebaum, G. A. (2016, January 16). Systemic lupus erythematosus. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from MedlinePlus website: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000435.htm Understanding Autoimmune Diseases. (2016, March). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases website: https://www.niams.nih.gov/%5C/Health_Info/Autoimmune/default.asp Venes, D., Biderman, A., Adler, E., Fenton, B. G., Enright, A. D., Patwell, J., . . . Wight, A.-A. (Eds.). (2005). Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Life And Death of Gaius Julius Caesar In my opinion, no other man in the history of the world symbolizes military and political strength as much as Julius Caesar does. Caesar was born on July 12, 100 BC in Rome, Italy (Encarta 2000). His father belonged to the prestigious Julian clan (Internet Explorer) His uncle by marriage was Gaius Marius, leader of the Populares which supported agrarian reform and opposed the Optimates (Comptons Encyclopedia). Marius saw to it that Julius Caesar was appointed flamen dialis which is a archaic priesthood with no power. Caesar's marriage in 84 BC to Cornelia, the daughter of Marius's associate was a political Match (Lindsay Salo). When Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marius's enemy and leader of the Optimates, was made dictator in 82 BC, he issued a list of enemies to be executed. Caesar was not harmed but he was ordered by Sulla to divorce Cornelia. Caesar refused that order and left Rome to join the army (Lindsay Salo) (Comptons Encyclopedia). This wa s the beginning of an astonishing military career. He became second in command of the province Asia (Turkey) (Lindsay Salo). In two years he proved his bravery and superior skills at arms. After these years and Sulla's resignation in 78 BC, Julius decided to return to Rome. There he served as an officer in Crassus's army against Spartacus, Caesar climbed steadily in the government by serving as an official in many provinces (Internet Explorer). After the death of his wife Cornelia, Julius remarried a wealthy wife and allied with Crassus, who was the richest man in Rome at the time (Internet Explorer). Their opponent was Pompeius Magnus (the Great). Caesar wanted to become part of the consulate. The consulate was a governmental position where two consuls, nominated each year, held the power of the state. Caesar was hoping that he and Crassus would become the powerful consuls of the Roman Empire. However, the Senate tried to stop his efforts by pitting Crassus, Pompeius and Caesar aga inst each other. Caesar noticed this and did something believed impossible. Julius created an alliance among himself, Crassus, and Pompeius (Encarta 2000). The alliance made it possible for them all to share power. This three way consulship was called a Triumvirate (Internet Explorer). This agreement dictated the Roman policy for the next decade. They shared all offices between them and their followe... ...y corrupt tax system, extended Roman citizenship, and sponsored colonies of veterans. Also Caesar's reform of the calendar gave Rome a rational means of recording time which was very important (Encarta 2000). However, a number of senatorial families felt that Caesar threatened their position. Thus, on the 6th of March 44 BC, the so called Ides of March, Caesar was murdered by Marcus Brutus, Gaius Cassius, and his two trusted commanders of his old legions Decimus Brutus and Gaius Trebonius (Encarta 2000). Caesar was stabbed twenty-three times. While the blood poured out of his wounded body the great dictator of Rome silently pulled his toga over his head and fell at the foot of a statue of Pompeius (Internet Explorer). In conclusion, Julius Caesar was probably the greatest man of his time and the most successful. It was Caesar who ended the Roman republic and paved the way for the later Roman emperors (Encarta 2000). From his early life to his death no other man accomplished as mu ch as he did. Julius Caesar in my opinion was the greatest soldier and dictator of all time. By Vince Henecker Bibliography 1. Compton's Encyclopedia 2. Encarta 2000 3. Internet Explorer 4. Lindsay Salo

A Social Activity That Brings the Best or, and the Worst of an Individual

There are many social activities these days that tend to show us that part of a person's character that has remained hidden from public view for so long.Activities such as company picnics, sports festivals seem to do the trick. But none of those activities can beat one of the most popular social activities that always bring out the competitive streak in an individual. I am talking about a class reunion.A class reunion is a social activity wherein classmates and friends from past eras get together years later and try to catch up on each other's lives and activities. During a class reunion, it seems that people have permission to revert to their old ways while in high school or college.It is a social situation where old wounds are reopened but not necessarily healed by time or apologies. It is an event where people gossip about who is was voted the most successful and yet seems to be the biggest failure in life. It is a time for life comparisons and reflection. None of which helps a pe rson's self esteem or sense of importance about life and other things.Class reunions are supposed to be a time of reminiscing and healing. Instead, it serves as a reminder to others regarding how they have not achieved the peak of success in their lives, or failed to achieve that which they bragged about in high school or college.It brings out the worst in an individual because of the way the person is treated for not being able to achieve his classmates ideal of him. It can also be a social activity that brings out the best in an individual when he can brag about his successes in life and hold his classmates in his own personal court where he feels he can help those whom he deems as less fortunate than he is.Think about. Ask your parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, I am sure they will more than willing to tell you about the horror story that their class reunion turned out to be.That is because after the pleasantries are exchanged, all that is left is to try to find the failure s of each other. Just like when they were in regular school. Let's face it, class reunions are their passport to acting like their immature counterparts in high school even if only for one night. Â  

A Story from the Childhood That Is Reenacting My Life Today Essay

Years ago when I was a small kid, there was a point in time when I thought I was going to die or was going to live in a way other than other normal people. I accidentally cut my finger with a scissors by mistake while I was at my father’s work place for a visit. As a little child, I was very frightened by the look of blood and thought I was going to lose my finger or hand back then. My father used to be a banker working in one of the leading banks in Kuwait. I recall my father told me that he was going to be away for some time from his desk to do some important work and once he comes back he will get me chocolates and candy. While I was playing around at my father’s office I picked up a scissors and starting cutting papers and then I screamed as I have cut myself by mistake in my finger. Moments after, a colleague of my father ran into his office and helped me. His name was Ali. He helped me clear the blood quickly and was very supportive. I recall Ali’s response was exactly what a kid in such situation would hope for. He cared over me in delicate and nurturing manner. My whole world changed since that day, as a child I have developed love and respect to Ali and used to ask my father to take me to his office every school holiday to see Ali. I recall I used to prefer sitting in his office than staying at my father’s. I grew up having the same thoughts till the day I have graduated from high school as I have then decided to study Accounting and Finance in order to allow me to work in a bank and be a good caring person like the people I used to see when I was a child at my father’s work.

Italian Excursion essays

Italian Excursion essays My initial motivation for traveling to Italy is my mother. Years ago she took a trip with her father to revisit the villages that he had fought for in World War II as a part of the 10th Mountain Division. She is always telling stories about the food, landscape and people that they encountered. The more powerful drive for my desire to tour this country is its beauty and culture. I have always loved the mountains and for this precise reason, Italy appeals strongly to me. Also, Italians have an ancient, deep-rooted culture that fascinates me. Plainly put, I am drawn to Italy through curiosity. In this fantasy trip of mine, I would want to travel with those dearest to me. For obvious reasons, I would request the company of my mom and grandma, for reminiscent purposes. In order to preserve my own enjoyment, Anna, Eleanor and Sabrinah would be my accomplices in evaluating the beauty of Italian men. Traveling in a pleasant group of six will keep things exciting without feeling burdened by too many people. Our trip will begin with our flight to Florence, as everyone already has passports and Traveler's Checks will be secure in our bags. We will depart from DIA at 6:45am, transfer in Atlanta to depart a second time at 1:30pm, and finally arrive in Florence at 2:30pm local time, 10:30pm our time. Now $1,059.00 poorer and very exhausted, we will take a taxi to our hotel, Le Cappellette, where will nap until ready to tackle the streets of Italy. After perusing the shops, we will gladly fall to the customary late and long hour of eating enormous amounts of food. The next two days will be filled with touring museums, browsing galleries and people watching. To pick up the pace, we will blaze down to the political and religious capital, Rome. The train down will cost about $57 per person, our cheapest payment yet since the rooms were $179 a night. I think that the most we will be able to take of this vivacious city is about 2 days. After the cr...

Family Systems Intervention Essays

Family Systems Intervention Essays Family Systems Intervention Essay Family Systems Intervention Essay Family Systems Interventions Intervention skills: Facilitating family change Change skills 1. Break maladaptive interaction patterns 2. Clarity problematic consequences 3. Alter affective blocks 4. Initiate cognitive restructuring 5. Implement new adaptive patterns 6. Mobilize external resources as required Break Maladaptive Patterns Intervene to control maladaptive patterns by restructuring family interaction verbally or physically When appropriate, facilitate the adaptive expression of anger of one family member in order to block the recurrent problematic behavior of another Clarify problematic consequences Confront family members on the problematic consequences of their own behaviors Provide verbal or nonverbal support before and after direct confrontation whenever possible Alter Affective Blocks Convey the importance of expressing and clarifying affective experience in order to better comprehend the maintenance of overt behavior patterns. Remove inappropriate affective blocks by encouraging open discussion of the emotional turmoil of family members; validate their experience, clarify the content, and provide support Initiate Cognitive Restructuring Call into question collective beliefs, values, or goals that appear to be problematic and initiate open discussion and reevaluation of relevant issues. To prevent new affect from blocking further progress, encourage the expression and discharge of emotion (especially through laughing or crying) while modifying a previous cognitive set. Provide appropriate new information or a reformulation as required to dev elop more adaptive comprehension Encourage family members to consider new ideas further and to continue to discuss specific issues at home in order to reach a reality-based consensus. : Implement New Adaptive Patterns Using behavioral principles, apply social reinforcements to strengthen appropriate behaviors at any ti me during the sessions and encourage family members to do the same. Elicit family member’s willingness to be receptive to suggestions and invite specific behavioral suggestion from other family members (or offer some). Coach the family in implementing changes that are compatible with appropriate development tasks for the whole family as well as individual family members. Introduce adaptive changes in behavior during the interview by redirecting interaction patterns and altering spatial and seating arrangements to rearrange subsystems. Mobilize External Resources as Required Openly admit to lack of progress as explore possible inhibiting factors both inside and outside the family. Effective Assessment and Intervention First, workers must develop an attitude that values the potential of families to change. Assessment and mobilization of family strengths should focus on the positives related to many areas, including Family relationships: caring for members, gender roles that are respected and valued, parental-child relationships based on the best of the child, physical and emotional self-care, the presence of positive family events and successes, supportive couple relationships, family history of previous successes in conflict management, a strong family identity Individual family member skills: cognitive and intellectual abilities, a positive attitude, competent parenting, positive role-modeling, ability to build and access supportive social environments Personal qualities: motivation, goal directedness, self-esteem and competence, an ability to laugh at oneself, inner strengths and resources, strong relational, abilities, nondefensiveness, willingness to work on issues despite challenges Availability of community resources: friends and caring other outside the family, supportive relat ives, health care, education, recreation, spiritual community, social services, the skills to navigate in these community resources Seeing and learning: the ability to recognize difficult life experiences and to learn from these experiences Key Strategies in working with strengths The strength’s perspective capitalizes on the power and will of the family to self-correct with the help of appropriate environmental supports. Words have the power to build up or tear done discourage or encourage. Pathology-based words darken the vista by imposing problems while strength-based words impose solutions and hope. Use a dictionary of helping, a dictionary that includes the use of such words as empowerment, skills, hope, support, ability, and knowledge Assessment and intervention will be more effective if the family social worker keeps the following considerations in mind: Be keenly attuned to culture and adhere to culturally sensitive practices Focus on family needs Respect client auto nomy Avoid fostering unnecessary dependency Reassess and re-interpret client resistance as avoidance of pain Keep healthy professional boundaries while remaining emotionally available Culturally Sensitive Practice We advocate for cultural competence for all workers-competence that avoids the application of stereotypical checklists to families from minority cultures. Suggesting that a single program model or intervention can meet the needs of all cultural families risks stereotyping an reducing each culture to a single entity. Not all members of a cultural group are connected in the same way to their cultural heritage placater Some groups will have blended traditional and nontraditional practices in their daily living. Acculturation can be seen as a mosaic, blending traditional native ways with dominant cultural ways. Five program structures that can be incorporated into family social worker in order to work appropriately with families from different cultures. 1. Workers must have a sincere interest in learning and accepting different cultures. 2. Workers can learn to challenge their ethnocentric beliefs as a n integral part of family social work. 3. Family social workers can be open to collaboration with traditional cultural healers and leaders and support family choices about traditional sources of help that parallel, supplement, or replace interventions that are more common. 4. Family social workers should be familiar with and be prepared ti use existing client support systems, following the appropriate cultural protocols. 5. The intervention skills used by family social workers can adapted to specific cultures 6. Family social workers can seek specific cultural knowledge, which includes awareness of communication patterns, worldviews, belief systems, and values 7. Knowing how to gain entrance into a cultural community is important if a worker were to access culturally appropriate resources for a family. Reassess Clients’ Resistance Resistance may be a message from the client that the family social worker is overstepping the boundaries of the relationship. Resistance can also signal that the issues being discussed are sensitive to the client. Set Realistic Expectations A sixth guideline for family social workers is to foster families’ feelings of competence, rather than inadequacy. Hepworth and Larsen (1993) list the following ecological interventions that family social workers can perform for families: Supplementing resources in the home environment Developing and enhancing support systems Moving and enhancing support systems Moving clients to a new environment Increasing the responsiveness of organizations to people’s needs Enhancing interactions between organizations and institutions Improving institutional environments Developing new resources The way a problem is defined often depends on How the family initially defines the problem The theoretical perspectiv e the family social worker uses The mandate of the agency and how the agency views problems. For example, some agencies embrace solution-focused counseling and define problems to fit theory How the problem is defined jointly between the family and worker in a way that both feel offers the most opportunities to create positive change. Unique ways of viewing a problem 1. A traditional analytic view is that symptomatic person in the problem. 2. The social systems assumption is that the family is the problem – problems evolving from relationship patterns within the family 3. The attempted solution is the problem. This is an interesting view that could be simplified by saying, â€Å"if what you are doing does not work, stop doing it and try something different! † Circular Patters The term patterns mean that the same behavior happens repeatedly and becomes predictable. When a family is mired in problems, it may be because their repetitive patterns have produced gridlock without providing an adequate response to the issue at hand. In this way, the solution becomes the problem. Because the patterns are habits, family members feel secure in the stability they provide. The habitual patterns might be hurtful to individuals and harmful to the family system, but because family members are unaware of or unskilled in other ways of responding, they are unable to change, and the family is described as being stuck. A pattern is a circular sequence of communication that occurs three times. Alternatively, the worker may set the stage to encourage family members to play out their usual family patterns. ? 1. Clarify with the family these patterns, pointing out the relationship between affect, or feelings, and behavior. For example, father scolds child, child feels hurt, child pouts, father feels frustrated, father scolds, and around and around the pattern goes. It is helpful for a family to see how they go around in theses maladaptive circles. 2. When this is done, help clarify any family rules or myths that perpetuate these patterns, for example, a myth that the only way a child will listen to a parent is when the parent yells at the child. 3. When clarifying a circular pattern with a family, it is necessary to explore underlying feelings and any additional behaviors. 4. Point out evidence of emotional distress and get members to label specific feelings. When feelings are out in the open. Particularly fears and hurts, they can be directly faced 5. Encourage the family to provide each member with reassurance and support 6. Help the family develop understanding of each other by bringing their circular patterns out in the open and including underlying feelings. 7. After the dysfunctional patterns have been identified, the worker should then get the family to think of helpful adaptive patterns to deal with problem situations. 8. Help the family negotiate simultaneous change 9. Reinforce family member’s constructive suggestions 10. Coach family members in trying out new adaptive behaviors and assign realistic tasks explicitly as homework. Lineal Circular, strategic and reflexive question Lineal questions ask for basic information and assume a cause-and –effect sequence. Circular questions, on the other hand, are based on circular causality and the connections among family members. Circular questions help the family social worker to learn about ongoing patterns of family interaction and the effects that family members’ behaviors have on one another. Circular questions are intended to create change, whereas lineal questions are intended to draw out information. Strategic questions are directed at change, on the basis of the family social worker’s assessment of the situation. The underlying intent of strategic questions is to correct behavior. Reflexive questions ask clients to become self-observers. Detriangulation Detriangulation involves developing strategies through which the family worker disrupts one triangle and opens up the family members to new, more functional alliances or triangles. Four possible methods of detriangulation are available for the family social worker. 1. One way of detriangulatiojn is to point the triangle out to the three people. 2. Another method of detriangulation is ensuring that family members interact as dyads. 3. Another method is through reversal, or getting one person in the triangle to do the opposite of the pattern. 4. Detriangulation also can occur by shifting alliances that is who does what with whom. If the mother is always the one trying to get a child to comply with a command, change can be accomplished by having the father gain the child’s compliance. Working with Involuntary clients Clients usually look for on of two outcomes from family social work. Some just want to eliminate the pain created by the problem, and in the process want to be nurtured. These clients may be satisfied once the initial stress has been alleviated, and they may avoid making difficult or lasting changes. Other clients want to change their lives in concrete ways. They are willing to work hard to achieve needed changes in their lives. These are the most rewarding clients for family social workers. Many involuntary clients are precontemplators. In other words, they do not believe they have a problem. Others may acknowledge they have a problem but are not prepared to work on it. Families need to know that participating in family social work is their choice. The family social worker should emphasize that freedom from unwanted agency intervention will occur when the conditions of the court order or contracted work are met. Work with involuntary clients begins by finding out what it is like for them to be ordered into family work. This question is one way of showing empathy and starting where the client is. When clients are court ordered, they should be informed that some conditions of the work are not negotiable and they need to understand the specific conditions for termination. When clients do not want work, the family social worker can print out that the family has a right not to participate but that nonparticipation involves some consequences. Motivation is the flip side of resistance. Direct confrontation about responsibility for problems during the assessment phase is likely to produce defensiveness rather that lead to change. Instead, using empathy and rolling with resistance might be most productive. The single most important skill for working with family resistance is being able to identify when it may be counterproductive to push an issue with the family.

Definition and Examples of Reporting Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Reporting Verbs in English In English grammar, a reporting verb is a  verb (such as say, tell, believe, reply, respond, or ask) used to indicate that discourse is being quoted or paraphrased. Its also called a  communication verb. [T]he number of  reporting verbs  that can be employed to mark  paraphrases  is around a dozen, author Eli Hinkel reported, and  they can be learned with relative ease while working on a writing assignment (e.g.,  the author says, states, indicates, comments, notes, observes, believes, points out, emphasizes, advocates, reports, concludes, underscores, mentions, finds), not to mention phrases with similar textual functions such as  according to the author, as the author states/indicates, in the authors view/opinion/understanding,  or  as noted/stated/mentioned. Tenses and Their Uses Most often, reporting verbs, such as seen in fiction to show dialogue, are in the past tense, because as soon as a speaker says something, it is literally in the past.   George Carlin illustrates this in this example of reported speech: I went to a bookstore and  asked  the saleswoman, Wheres the self-help section? She  said  if she  told  me, it would defeat the purpose. To contrast with  words spoken once, putting a reporting verb in the present tense is used to show an adage, something that someone has said in the past and continues to say or presently believes. For example: She always says how hes not good enough for you. Next, a reporting verb may be in the historical present tense (to refer to an event that took place in the past). The historical present is often used for dramatic effect or immediacy, to place the reader right in the scene. The technique should be used sparingly, so you dont create confusion, but its use can make for a dramatic lead to a story, for example. The year is 1938, the place, Paris. The soldiers smash shop windows and run through the street  and yell...   You also use reporting verbs in  the literary present tense (to refer to any aspect of a work of literature). This is because no matter what year you watch a particular movie or read a book, the events always unfold in the same way. The characters always say the same thing in the same order. For example, if youre writing on Hamlet, you might write, Hamlet shows his anguish when he speaks his To be soliloquy. Or if youre reviewing fantastic movie lines, you might write, Who can forget when Humphrey Bogart says  to Ingrid Bergman, Heres looking at you, kid  in Casablanca?   Dont Overuse Reporting Verbs When youre writing dialogue, if the identity of a speaker is clear from the context, such as in a back-and-forth conversation between two people, the reporting phrase is often omitted; it doesnt have to be used with  each line of dialogue, just enough times to make sure the reader doesnt get lost as far as whos speaking, such as if the conversation is long or if a third party interjects. And if the lines of conversation are short, using a bunch of he said she said gets distracting for the reader. Its more effective to leave them out in this instance. Overusing creative substitutions for, said can also get distracting for the reader. A reader goes by said quickly and doesnt lose the flow of the dialogue. Be judicious in using substitutions for said.   The line of dialogue belongs to the character; the verb is the writer sticking his nose in, wrote Elmore Leonard in  The New York Times.  But  said  is far less intrusive than  grumbled, gasped, cautioned, lied. I once noticed Mary McCarthy ending a line of dialogue with she asseverated, and had to stop reading to get the dictionary. Sources Teaching Academic ESL Writing. Routledge, 2004Elmore Leonard, Easy on the Adverbs, Exclamation Points and Especially Hooptedoodle.  July 16, 2001

A systemic necessity or an act of convenience Essay

A systemic necessity or an act of convenience - Essay Example Academic cheating must be considered first as an ethical issue before anything else. If students are taught ethics, â€Å"[c]ollege can be a process of unlearning bad habits just as much as adding to one’s knowledge base. A philosophical grounding for goodness, honesty and integrity helps students to see the value of maintaining ethical standards or rising to them† (Daines, 2010).   The whole system of education must be oriented towards inculcating the right values in students for them to pursue the right course of action. Finally, one also has to explore what pushes students towards cheating than pursuing honest ways of doing academics. Arguably, it is found that â€Å"cheating tells us at least as much about educational environments as it does about students’ character or personality† (Kohn, 2010). The shortcomings of the existing educational system such as the alienation of teachers and students from each other, emphasis on grades and scores than actu al learning, heavy work load, and severe completion among the students have substantially been contributing to the cementing of the cheating practice. ConclusionCertainly, the imperfections in the present education system lead students into cheating. However, the students too are complicit as it is a decision to cheat from their side. What is important is to make students familiar with an ethical code that could save them from engaging in academic cheating. What was once cheating chits did is at present being done by mobile text messages.

Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Essay

Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal - Essay Example 5). ESRD and ESRF is diagnosed when the patient loses 85% to 90% of kidney function, which necessitates dialysis, because kidneys can no longer remove toxins from the blood. Dialysis circulates blood on one side of a semipermeable membrane, while the other side circulates dialysis fluid. (Answers.com). Patients on dialysis have to spend four hours, three times a week, which makes dialysis treatment very demanding for the patient (Sonnier, 2000, p. 5). ... Information reinforcement techniques worked in the Barnett (2007) study - after 26 weeks, this group reduced their average IDWG from 2.64 kg to 2.21 kg, and the rate of fluid adherence increased from 47% to 71.5% (Barnett et al. pp. 304-305). Cognitive behavioral therapy has proven effective in the research – for instance, a study conducted by Christensen et al. (2002). In this study the intervention group received a protocol of 9 steps. In this protocol, the patients were taught about self-monitoring, setting goals, coping, reinforcement, and evaluation (Christensen et al., 2002, p. 393).   Their study proved to be effective after 8 weeks – the control group gained around 3.3 pounds, while the intervention group lost around 3 pounds (Christensen, et al., 2002, p. 396).  Ã‚   Behavioural modification is another model that has been studied with regards to dialysis patients and compliance with protocols and regimens. For instance, a study by Hegel et al. (1992) found that the reinforcement produced the greatest drop in IDWG, and that this drop in IDWG was persistent over time – the IDWG continued to be lowered two months after the intervention, even though, during this period of time, the patients only received information about graphing and monitoring (Hegel et al., 1992, p. 326). It is feasible to implement into a work setting, as there is not a need for special equipment. There is a need for special training, but the methods are easy to learn and implement. Because of this, it would be consistent with community culture and resources, because it would not be overly taxing for resources. Introduction When patients have certain diseases, such as hypertension or diabetes, they

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Anthropology - Essay Example Each and every country has its own culture and an own environment for its civilians. Similarly every area in which the people are living has also defined its own culture. This article would further examine the culture of two different tribes in two different countries, one belonging to the northern areas of Pakistan while one belonging to the country named Iran. It would define as to the culture followed by these tribes is the same or not. Thull is the name of a place which is located in the northern areas of Pakistan. The people of this area are extremely conscious about their values and culture. The people living in Thull take most of their cultural activities from the tribes of Pathans. These pathans are people with strict rules of culture and activities. They strongly follow their religion and are extremely conscious about their honor. Similarly the people of Thull have great respect for their culture. Here not only the people are following their culture properly but are also respecting it for its ethics. Similarly another area known as Zargos in Iran comprises of a group of people known as Bakhtiari are bound to their culture. These people like the clan of Thull are extremely conscious about their traditions and culture. The clan of Bakhtiari follows their ancestors from a very long time in all their actions. Like their ancestors the Bakhtiari clan migrates to different places in different seasons. They not only take their herd of sheep with them but also take their family which includes women and children during their migration. This migration is done in the winters and summers mostly. While on the other side the people of Thull do not indulge in the activities of migration. They live in the only space they are given and earn their living through the agricultural systems. However there is similarity found in the culture of these two tribes as both of these tribes earn their living

Womem and men and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Womem and men and media - Essay Example dorned with words like â€Å"Take It Off,† â€Å"Let’s Get A Room,† and â€Å"I Get Around.† I find these messages very tasteless and a huge deviation from what should be fed to a 15-year old girl. The manner in which you are exploiting media messaging vulnerability of teenagers is quite appalling. Most parents are worried about the possible impact these vulgar messages on teenage girls because your company is appealing for teenage girls to sexualize at tender age and sway boys to explore girls’ sexuality at inappropriate age. This is dangerous to the existence of a moral society. Hyper-sexualization and self-objectification are currently taking a toll on national health with many women losing self-esteem over their own bodies. Even though I am a loyal customer to the company, I will use social media platforms to discourage my family, friends and "friends of friends," colleagues and the entire the entire world from buying your PINK underwear if no c hanges are made. I expect the company should do more on making women feel empowered rather than sexualizing, objectifying and throwing their intimacy into mockery. I therefore expect your company to make necessary changes and stop perverting young

Newspaper should not be produced in U.S Research Paper

Newspaper should not be produced in U.S - Research Paper Example introduction of internet and television have greatly affected business of newspaper. People can easily find information in relation to a business proposal or advertising by browsing through internet. In this situation why one will prefer to buy newspaper. Therefore, newspaper profits are declining very rapidly. Present condition of economy proposes that newspaper should not be produced mainly in US because many audit reports have shown negative financial condition of the industry and its popularity is fading day by day. Therefore, it will be suitable to stop producing newspaper and promoting this phenomena more on the basis of internet or other electronic devices (Abbott Jez, 2010). 1.2 Reasons There are many reasons which support this idea that newspaper should not be produced in US. Some of which are described below: Affect of internet and television By 1990s till present news are made available 24 hours on television channels. Introduction of internet have opened new challenges fo r the business world. News is updated on daily basis through internet. These two mediums have reduced the usage of newspaper in many parts of the world including US. Payment circulation of newspaper has been declined as compared to the revenue collected through advertisement on internet. There has been a major shift from print media to new media. This has lead to decline in the profits of newspaper. Most of its revenue goes to electronic media (Plambeck Joseph, 2010). Global warming Reading newspaper has less affect on global warming as compared to reading news online. Creating newspaper is more overweight as compared to powering computers. If one is reading newspaper for 30 minutes, it will have less impact on global warming as compared to reading news online. Newspaper circulation falls Newspapers in US are continuously at stark, its circulation is declining very rapidly, and as compared to last year, circulation of newspaper has reduced more by 9%. In accordance to Audit Bureau o f Circulation sales of newspaper in US have dropped by 6.5% in the last six months in 2010 and weekly sales have been reduced by 8.7%. These results were generated by combining all the individual newspapers in US. Newspaper circulation was in decline since many years, but majorly it was affected by recession after 2008. The main reason for this decline is internet. Many publishers have also limited their services in relation to the delivery. In past, publishers only had to cope up with cost incurred in printing, but considering the present scenario they have to manage losses related to circulation (Liedtke Michael, 2009). Some of the details in relation to the fall of circulation are: New York Times circulation dropped to 5.2% in last year and 8.2% on weekday basis. While Los Angeles Times declined by 7.6% and 9% on weekly basis. Changes in individuals behavior People taste and preferences keeps on changing. Presently, individuals are adopting technological innovations very rapidly. Even businesses are operating through electronic media rather than considering the traditional ways. In all developed countries mainly in US people are getting addicted to internet and mobile phones. They prefer to buy online rather than visiting shopping malls. Similar to that, news on daily basis is generated either through cell phone or computer devices. In this modern world every house have internet facility, if one have facility to see the news at home, why will they prefer to

Isb dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Isb dis - Essay Example I think both coal plants and nuclear power plants are equally dangerous. The contaminants leaked from either can pollute the air and water bodies and even underground water sources for miles around. I would however feel that the coal plant would be the more dangerous choice. Coal plants regularly disgorge carbon dioxide and toxins like nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide. Coal fly ash that pours into slurry pits contains toxic heavy metals. Coal pollution exposes people to low doses of radiation. Statistics show that these emissions kill 24,000 Americans every year. The cumulative effects of these on humans promise to be catastrophic. In normal circumstances Nuclear power plants produce cleaner energy. Since there is no burning, there are no emissions either which makes it the safer choice. Of course if there should be an accident like Fukushima or Chernobyl or a terrorist attack, the results could be unimaginable. The choice of living near either a coal plant or nuclear power plant is like choosing between the devil and the deep sea. I think living near a nuclear plant would pose a lesser risk, although I would prefer not to live near

Newspaper should not be produced in U.S Research Paper

Newspaper should not be produced in U.S - Research Paper Example introduction of internet and television have greatly affected business of newspaper. People can easily find information in relation to a business proposal or advertising by browsing through internet. In this situation why one will prefer to buy newspaper. Therefore, newspaper profits are declining very rapidly. Present condition of economy proposes that newspaper should not be produced mainly in US because many audit reports have shown negative financial condition of the industry and its popularity is fading day by day. Therefore, it will be suitable to stop producing newspaper and promoting this phenomena more on the basis of internet or other electronic devices (Abbott Jez, 2010). 1.2 Reasons There are many reasons which support this idea that newspaper should not be produced in US. Some of which are described below: Affect of internet and television By 1990s till present news are made available 24 hours on television channels. Introduction of internet have opened new challenges fo r the business world. News is updated on daily basis through internet. These two mediums have reduced the usage of newspaper in many parts of the world including US. Payment circulation of newspaper has been declined as compared to the revenue collected through advertisement on internet. There has been a major shift from print media to new media. This has lead to decline in the profits of newspaper. Most of its revenue goes to electronic media (Plambeck Joseph, 2010). Global warming Reading newspaper has less affect on global warming as compared to reading news online. Creating newspaper is more overweight as compared to powering computers. If one is reading newspaper for 30 minutes, it will have less impact on global warming as compared to reading news online. Newspaper circulation falls Newspapers in US are continuously at stark, its circulation is declining very rapidly, and as compared to last year, circulation of newspaper has reduced more by 9%. In accordance to Audit Bureau o f Circulation sales of newspaper in US have dropped by 6.5% in the last six months in 2010 and weekly sales have been reduced by 8.7%. These results were generated by combining all the individual newspapers in US. Newspaper circulation was in decline since many years, but majorly it was affected by recession after 2008. The main reason for this decline is internet. Many publishers have also limited their services in relation to the delivery. In past, publishers only had to cope up with cost incurred in printing, but considering the present scenario they have to manage losses related to circulation (Liedtke Michael, 2009). Some of the details in relation to the fall of circulation are: New York Times circulation dropped to 5.2% in last year and 8.2% on weekday basis. While Los Angeles Times declined by 7.6% and 9% on weekly basis. Changes in individuals behavior People taste and preferences keeps on changing. Presently, individuals are adopting technological innovations very rapidly. Even businesses are operating through electronic media rather than considering the traditional ways. In all developed countries mainly in US people are getting addicted to internet and mobile phones. They prefer to buy online rather than visiting shopping malls. Similar to that, news on daily basis is generated either through cell phone or computer devices. In this modern world every house have internet facility, if one have facility to see the news at home, why will they prefer to

Performance Evaluation of Banking Industry in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Performance Evaluation of Banking Industry in Bangladesh Essay Banking is an essential industry that affects the welfare of all other industry and the economy as a whole. In fact, growth and development of a country significantly depend on the level of growth and development attempted by the banking sector. There is a consensus regarding the positive role played by the financial sector in promoting economic development (Gerschenkron, 1962; Patrick, 1966; Galbis, 1977). In Bangladesh, banking sector has flourished a lot compared to other sectors of the economy. But the role of this key sector in national development is not satisfactory. There is not only an extremely strong capital stock but the rate of capital formation is also very meager. The current rates of domestic savings and investments as a % of GDP are 20.2 and 24.4% respectively (Bangladesh Bank Annual Report 2004-05). In the past, the rate of savings and investment were much lower than the present rate. Therefore, development plans of Bangladesh have been largely aid development. Between 1972-73 and 1981-82, aid has financed on an average of 75% of fixed investments and the lions share of the development budget (ERD). Under these Circumstances, internal resource mobilization is an urgent necessity for a self-reliant Bangladesh. Towards this end, banking Industry may play a crucial role in mobilizing community’s savings and channeling the same into the socially desirable sectors of the economy. As financial intermediaries, banks can play a crucial role in of most economies. In the absence of effective functional securities market, the banking sector in Bangladesh takes the lead in mobilizing resources and allocating funds to profitable ends. The effectiveness of financial intermediation can affect economic growth. The financial intermediation affects the net return to savings and gross return to investment. The prominence of financial institutions for rapid economic growth is unanimous. The bank based view of financial system highlights the positive role of bank in mobilizing resource, identifying good projects, monitoring managers and managing risks. The role of banking institutions as intermediary between the investor and entrepreneur is of vital importance in a developing country like Bangladesh. The evaluation of Banks performance is a complex process involving interactions between the environments, internal operations, and external activities. In performing this evaluation concerned authorities in the banking sector prior to independence felt for resource mobilization and using the same in the desired sectors. For this reason all the commercial banks were nationalized immediately after independence (Bhattacharjee, 1989). Development of private sector is essential to cope with the challenges of globalization. But considering the socio-economic condition of Bangladesh, extreme privatization, particularly in the banking sector, may not be desired. Because, even though, the number of private banks (local foreign) are increasing and the number of nationalized banks are decreasing, still the NCBs occupy a dominant place in the banking sector of the country and play a pioneering role in capital formation, stimulating the level of industrialization, poverty alleviation and human development and in the overall economic development. NCBs provide loans to productive and priority sectors both public and private covering agriculture, industry, trade and commerce. On the contrary, private banks mainly operate in towns and metropolitan cities and do business with noted entrepreneurs and with the affluent sections of the society; while foreign banks operate only in the cities and do business with the elite section of the society. Hence, this paper focused on the performance of the banking sector in general with a wider lance. As financial intermediaries, banks can play a crucial role in the most economies. In the absence of effective functional securities market, the banking sector in Bangladesh takes the lead in mobilizing resources and allocating funds to profitable ends. The effectiveness of financial intermediation can affect economic growth. The financial intermediation affects the net return to savings and gross return to investment. The prominence of financial institutions for rapid economic growth is unanimous. The bank based view of financial system highlights the positive role of bank in mobilizing resource, identifying good projects, monitoring managers and managing risks. The role of banking institutions as intermediary between the investor and entrepreneur is of vital importance for a developing country like Bangladesh. So the study is a demand of the time for better progress towards a developed future. 2.0 Conceptual Background of the Study Performance indicates the degree of management’s success in allocating the sources of the firm’s capital to productive use and is focused in the in the market value of the firm’s capital. Performance may be defined as the accomplishment of the goals which are taken into consideration. The word performance may be the synonym of efficiency in the context of business phenomenon. Many scholars opined that performance of a firm may be considered as the term managerial performance. An evaluation of performance indicates to what extent an enterprise achieves its target. Evaluation is a judgment worth of something and like all judicial matters, it calls for justice, equity and good conscious on the part of the person making the evaluation. It is to be considered an integral part of the management control on a continuous and systematic basis. Performance evaluation is an essential tool of management. It is relevant both in seeking answer to various questions to be asked about area of activities in which performance might be improved. The main purpose of performance evaluation is to assist in decision on two levels i.e. at a lower level. It can be used to inform the day to day decision making of the management indicating how to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the banks in short term. At a higher level it can be used to inform the annual planning and budgeting process in which decisions are taken about the long term deployment of resources and target for achievement. Thus it can be said that performance evaluation means a method under which the performance of an organization is evaluated differently. In Bangladesh performance of banking sector was considered with a very high note from the very beginning. It was felt that new born liberated country will need the performance of banking sector to keep the economy live. In doing so, after the war of liberation, the banks operating Bangladesh(except those incorporated abroad) were nationalized. These banks were merged and grouped for achieving the goal of government and people. With the passage of time the number and types of bank expanded and the area of banking support is also enlarged vividly. For this, study becomes a necessity to find out loop holes as well as areas so that service can be expanded towards all necessary ends. For doing so banking industry plays a pivotal role in capital formation and stimulate the level of industrialization, poverty alleviation and human development. In a sense, healthy banks and healthy economies seem to go together. Therefore, performance of such organizations particularly; operational efficiency, management soundness, productivity, profitability and social profitability are of great concern. An in-depth study to analyze the performances of the banking industry of Bangladesh by applying the most widely used indicators of bank performance could be worth while. The banking industry of Bangladesh is composed of five types of banks viz. Nationalized Commercial Banks(NCBs), Specialized banks(SBs), private Commercial Banks(PCBs), Foreign Commercial Banks(FCBs) and Islamic Banks(IBs) differ in their motives. Different types of banks give priority to different stakeholders. So, performance analysis as a whole can make the industry more creative and more supportive to achieve their organizational goal as well as can help the nation to avoid poverty and learn to lead prospective lives. Because , performance analysis as a whole will bring out all loop holes for back benchers in this sector and allow them with information to go ahead with prospective mentality. 3. Objectives of the Study The broad objective of this proposal is to make a comprehensive analysis of growth, productivity, profitability and performance of the banking industry in Bangladesh and to suggest measures for improving their performance. The specific objectives of the proposal are as follows: †¢ To analyze and compare the growth trends of banking facilities/services and output of banking sector as an industry. †¢ To measure and compare the productivity trends of banking sector. †¢ To compare overall performance of the cross section of banks from various angles. †¢ To conduct an in-depth analysis of the causes of lower or higher levels of productivity and performance (if any) among all banks. †¢ To evaluate existing remittance disbursement system and direct its profitable utilization through proper planning and action. †¢ To suggest the possible lines of actions to improve the performance of various categories of banks. 4. Justification of The Study 1. Literature Review From a detail literature review it is found that a good number of researches were conducted in the field of performance evaluation in banking sector. But unfortunately, Performance Analysis of Banking Industry in Bangladesh as a whole was not conducted. As such the literature review of the following articles, journals and research work compelled me to have a distinct idea that a research of having a complete picture of Banking industry is a demand of the time. As such my literature review found following ideas: Abedin, Roy and Mustafi(1989) in a study titled, â€Å"A Preliminary Note on Measurement of Productivity in the Commercial Banks of Bangladesh,† mentioned that there was a steady growth of bank output during 1975-1988. The output was measured as the volume of working fund handled per employees. There were variations in the levels of productivity of different types of banks. They also mentioned about a falling trend of productivity index of private banks with little variations during 1985-88. In case of Foreign banks they reported a sharp fall of productivity index from 100 in 1985 to 37 in 1986, then a rising trend. The limitations of his study were that he did not considered the social aspects of the Banks. The data on working fund were not comparable with any published data of Bangladesh Bank (BB) due to using the end June and end december figures of every year. The study neither attempts to analyze the causes of lower or higher productivity of banks nor strongly suggests the measures for increasing the levels of the banks productivity. Cookson(1989) in his article titled, â€Å"Productivity in the Banking Industry in Bangladesh† stated that productivity in the banking industry is very difficult to estimate by using available data. He also said that the conceptual difficulties limit comparisons among the banks in Bangladesh. In this paper the author tried to give a proper definition of labor productivity in commercial banking. He pointed out that the productivity of the total commercial banking system was stagnant. However, he took a partial approach for measuring productivity of the banks. In no way it reflected the total productivity scenario of the banking sector. Shakoor(1989) ’s paper on â€Å"Measurement of Profitability in Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† investigated the nature of productivity of four nationalized commercial banks(NCBs) during 1972-86 and that of five private commercial banks (PCBs) during 1983-86. The paper focused on some selected indicators of general productivity and profitability, such as deposits, advances, income, spread, expenditure etc. per employee and per branch. He used some statistical measures such as averages, standard deviation and coefficient of variations both NCBs and PCBs. The other statistical measures like, trend, correlation, regression analysis etc. were not used by the author. He observed that the productivity of the NCBs in Bangladesh had an increasing trend during 1972-86 and the productivity of the selected private banks showed better situation when compared with that of NCBs during the period under study. But, his study had limitations and in no way that reflected the total productivity trend of the commercial banking sector as a whole. Bhattacharjee and Saha(1989) in their joint eff0rt titled, â€Å"An Evaluation of Performance of NCBs In Bangladesh† tried to measure the performance of NCBs for th1973-1987. They analyzed the performance of NCBs on the basis of five sets of indicators. They are: (a) General business measures in terms of total business, deposit, advances, gross income and net profit; (b) Social profitability measures in terms of deposit mobilization (time deposit), branch expansion. (number of branches) and employment generation; (c) Branch Performance Measures in terms of profit per branch, deposit per branch, business per branch and gross income per branch; (d) Employee performance measures in terms of profit per employee, income per employee and business per employee; (e) Profitability measures in terms of rate of profit on equity, profit per unit of deposit and profit per unit of advances. The authors found upwards trends in almost all the performance measures. Besides, inter bank and intra bank variations in performance measures were also observed by them. Observing ‘means’ and ‘standard deviations’ of selected measures in NCBs , the authors reported that the NCBs could maintain the rising trends. They mentioned that in spite of disinvestment of two NCBs and growing importance attached to the development of private banking, the NCBs still played a dominant role in the banking sector. They hoped that achievement of the NCB sector may further be enhanced if due care is taken to improve the existing planning and monitoring system of relative operational performance aspects of thee banks. Abedin(1990) in his book titled â€Å"Commercial Banking in Bangladesh: A Role of commercial Study of Disparities of Regional and Sectoral Growth Trends(1846-1986),† examined the role of commercial banks under the private ownership(1846-1970) in increasing regional and sectoral disparities in rendering the banking services in Bangladesh. He also investigated the part played by the commercial banks under the public ownership(1971-1986) in mitigating any such disparities. In this perspective the author tried to critically examine the growth trends of banking facilities in Bangladesh for the period from 1846 to 1986. This study analysed the impacts of nationalization of commercial banks on different regions and sectors of Bangladesh economy after the independence of the country. The author identified some factors influencing credit deployment such as legal requirements of cash reserve, political pressure on the bank executive etc. There are some other important factors, which should not be overlooked. Such as, motivation factor of the bank executives, job security, honesty etc. The study rightly identified that, regional economic disparities led to the growth of regional imbalances in the distribution of banking facilities. The political economy of the monetary policy and banking was also responsible for this(page 260). To discuss about limitations it can be said that, within the scope of a single thesis, to deal with a large number of issues is neither possible nor desirable. The author admitted that many current issues of banking operations could not be analyzed in this dissertation. It would be more worthy and specific if some of the key issues were mentioned. Chowdhury(1990) in his dissertation titled â€Å"An Evaluation of the Performance of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† assessed the overall contribution of the commercial banks in the financial development of Bangladesh. He analyzed the trend of commercial bank’s branch expansion, deposit mobilization and deployment of credit for the period 1972-86. The productivity and profitability aspects of the Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) and Private Commercial Banks(PCBs) for the period 1983-1986(covering a period of four years) were also examined in the dissertation. The study covered all commercial banks excluding foreign and Islamic banks and used secondary data. The study stated that the growth pattern of the financial development and the contribution of commercial banks towards financial development in Bangladesh was not only uneven but also very slow. The study observed that the growth and development of commercial banking in Bangladesh during 1972-86 was not satisfactory. The author observed that the trends of profits, profitability and productivity of the commercial banks, over the entire reference period, were characterized by uneven variations indicating unsystematic and unplanned business expansion of the commercial banks. The study identified that the frequent variations in the ‘burden’ of the commercial banks was mainly responsible for the uneven trends in profits and profitability. Like any other study , the study had also some shortcomings. The post denationalization and privatization period 1983-86 (four years) was too short in comparison to the pre denationalization or nationalized period 1972-1982 (11 years). The period considered (1983-1986 i.e. four years)for the comparative analysis between the performance of NCBs and PCBs was very early to mature. Since the study measured the productivity and profitability performance using single measures such as ratio of net profit volume of working fund, ratio of total income to total expenditure and ratio of total income to manpower expenses, those measures had limits to justify the results. If some additional measures had been used, then the results might be more realistic. So this study has some limitations and inadequacies which are expected to be minimized in the present study. Moniruzzaman and Rahman(1991) made a comparative study of pre and post denationalization periods in the article titled, â€Å"Profitability Performance of Denationalized Banks- A Comparative Study of the Pre and Post Denationalization Periods.† They Observed that the profitability performance of Uttora Bank Limited and Rupali Bank Limited became unsatisfactory after denationalization. But in the case of Pubali Bank Limited, they observed a Decreasing trend before denationalization and increasing trend after denationalization. The limitations of the paper are that, they had taken into consideration a very short period of three years before and three years after denationalization of the two banks. They did not try to find out why profits of those denationalized banks (Uttora, and Rupali Bank limted) were falling. They used the variables like total expenses , total income, net income and total assets only. They ignored other important variables, such as deposits, advances, number of Bank branches, number if employees etc. So the study was very limited and incomplete.

Free Speech in a Liberal Democratic Society

Free Speech in a Liberal Democratic Society People are rational beings with many desires but in a liberal democratic society these desires have to be regulated, reconciled and controlled so that they do not impinge on the rights of others. From a philosophical perspective, it is a dilemma whether the State should be the source of freedom that regulates citizen participation in society. On the other hand, it can be argued that the State is the natural enemy of free speech as it damages a free society on various grounds. From a legal point of view, it is apparent that both international treaties and domestic legislations restrict free speech based on intellectual property, crime, morality, discrimination, media, information and security laws. At the same time, however, freedom of speech has been backed up by a number of domestic, regional and international laws to ensure it is not undermined or abused. This leads to the question of where should the line be drawn and the extent of freedom of speech. This essay will analyse the current status of free speech in a liberal democratic society. The discussion will include both a legal, theoretical comparison between the different legislations and an analysis about how they interfere with the right to free speech. It is evident that in a liberal democratic society freedom of expression is highly valued based on various legislations.[1] In fact, it has been described as the core value of a democratic society as it enhances its powers and builds a sustainable future.[2] It is the view of Fuller, an American legal theorist, that free speech is crucially important to human survival.[3] In addition, he views free expression as an inherent aspect of natural law as it maintains, opens up and safeguards the integrity of the channels of connection through which people communicate what they desire, perceive and feel.[4] This is bolstered by Dworkin who believes that policies and laws are only legitimate if they are implemented democratically. As such, freedom of expression is a condition of legitimate government.[5] Moreover, Mill viewed free speech as a necessity for a flourishing society and individual happiness and he defended extensive freedom of expression.[6] Dworkin also criticised what he calls individuals being ‘passive victims of collective action’ because imposing a collective decision on an opposing individual is illegitimate as free speech is the lifeblood of democracy.[7] Furthermore, regulating freedom of expression is not the best way to combat intolerance as such a quick fix solution might leave the issue unresolved.[8] Quite the opposite, history shows that censorship is likely to make undesirable speech more attractive.[9] This is why Heinze even criticised the regulation of hate speech as inherently discriminatory due to its selective nature.[10] In addition to the legal theory, free speech is protected by a number of international and regional laws. Based on Article 19 of the General Assembly Resolution (GAR) in 1948, some sort of customary international law imposes legal force which might not necessarily be binding on states, yet many of its provisions are binding.[11] This is also strengthened by Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which states that: ‘Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to see, receive and import information.’[12] Furthermore, Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) emphasises the right to communicate ideas through any kind of media ‘regardless of frontiers’.[13] It also ensures the freedom to receive and seek information, which embeds a number of the rights within the UDHR.[14] Hence, Article 19 of the ICCPR imposes its framework and provisions that states parties to the ICCPR should implement at a national level.[15] Alongside the ICCPR,[16] the right of free speech is granted in regional treaties such as the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) (Article 13),[17] the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (Article 10)[18] and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) (Article 9).[19] Even free speech advocates recognise the importance of limiting and framing free expression which is also enhanced by statutory instruments.[20] For instance, it is the view of Judge Oliver Holmes that shouting fire in a packed theatre should not be seen as a form of freedom.[21] He added: ‘The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that congress has a right to prevent as it is a question of proximity and degree.’[22] Similarly, Meiklejohn argued that demanding free expression by self-governed men does not mean every person has an unalienable right to express themselves wherever, however and whenever they want.[23] Hence, people should only do so through the appropriate channels.[24] Promoting equality is perhaps more important than maintaining an absolute free expression policy in a liberal democratic society. This should be the case as some forms of speech are harmful which imposes an obligation on the State to maintain the protection of free society.[25] This contradicts Mill who conditioned freedom of expression upon progressive society as the main priority.[26] Yet, Mill’s view has been criticised by civil rights theorists as it supports individualism, while equality should be the priority for a democratic society.[27] Besides the harm principle proposed by Mill, Fienberg proposed what is called the offence principle as a way of drawing a line between what should and should not be acceptable in free speech.[28] Moreover, Waldron criticised Dworkin’s proposal which supported absolute free speech as he believes in regulating speech because it will promote equality and include minorities in the democratic process.[29] According to Lord Devlin, the public good should prevail over the rights of the individual; thus, the morals of society have to be enforced by law. This prevents the disintegration of society which is an advantage of having a shared morality policy.[30] Based on this argument, regulating free speech does not violate the liberal democratic society norms as it ensures equality and morality. In addition, it would probably be better if undesirable free speech did not occur in the first place. Aside from the theoretical aspect of the dilemma, freedom of speech is limited by human rights instruments as it is not absolute.[31] Based on the three stage test in Article 19(3) of the ICCPR, restricting speech is a legitimate action if the required criteria are followed.[32] First, the intervention should be in compliance with the law and should be ‘formulated with sufficient precision to enable the citizen to regulate his conduct’.[33] Second, the legally enforced intervention should pursue a legitimate aim such as protection of national security, public morals, health or order or protecting the reputation and rights of others.[34] Third, there should be a necessity for the restriction towards a legitimate aim. The ECHR summarised this by stating that: ‘Freedom of expression is subject to a number of exceptions which, however, must be narrowly interpreted and the necessity for any restrictions must be convincingly established.’[35] The same test is applied worldwide to measure the legitimacy of restrictions including the International Covenant, Universal Declaration, African Charter and American Convention.[36] In Europe, although Article 10 of the ECHR allows for various forms of freedom, Article 10(2) restricts this freedom to conditions, formalities, penalties based on what is stated in the law to maintain a democratic society.[37] This shows how freedom of expression is not an absolute and so restricting it should not be seen as a violation of the right of free speech. In Canada, for example, the Canadian Charter[38] maintains and applies a reasonable balance to regulate free expression,[39] whereas in France, Germany and Austria holocaust denial is criminalised due to historically significant reasons.[40] For its part, in the UK, laws like the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006[41] and the Public Order Act 1996[42] regulate public order matters but this does not undermine the right of free speech.[43] On the other hand, despite the US first Amendment which strengthens the right of free speech,[44] case law such as Snyder v Phelps shows an application of restrictions there.[45] Finally, in Australia, an application similar to the one in Canada is applied to strike a balance between free speech and harmful speech.[46] Based on Lingens v Austria,[47] and Handyside v UK,[48] it seems that restricting free speech is a legitimate action that does not violate free expression since it is done for a necessary and appropriate reason. The Human Rights Committee emphasised in Shin v ROK[49] that even if the expression violates the law, Article 19(3) requires the State to explain the importance of implementing these measures.[50] As a result, even though national and international law perceives the importance of implementing grounds to restrict free speech,[51] it should fall within the specified criteria based on the test.[52] Thus, the restrictions are implemented to safeguard and stop people from abusing freedom. It seems at this stage that there is no clear violation on the right of free expression as the imposed limitations are appropriate to the nature of liberal democratic society.[53] According to Mill, different views and opinions are valuable to society either because of the truth behind the argument or if it is false because this contributes and reinforces the truth and its emergence.[54] He argued that ‘to refuse a hearing to an opinion, because they are sure that it is false, is to assume that their certainty is the same thing as absolute certainty all silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility’.[55] This argument was followed in the case of Mavlonov v Uzbekistan as Article 19(2)[56] had been violated due to the State not having sufficient grounds to fulfil Article 19(3).[57] In fact, the UN Human Rights Committee held that the authorities should have allowed free expression of a newspaper as well as the right to receive ideas and information.[58] This case involved a newspaper that incited inter-ethnic hostility and the State of Uzbekistan, by silencing expression and regulating hate speech, was criticised for damaging free society.[59] On the other hand, in RAV v City of St Pauls,[60] it was argued that the State should maintain open and free debate without impairing one side of the debate. This case highlighted the unfairness of free speech regulation as the State allowed anti-sexist and anti-racist speech while prohibiting sexist and racist speech. The Supreme Court decided that the ordinance was fair and favouring tolerance over intolerance was a legitimate reason to limit speech.[61] Freedom of expression is also regulated by Article 20(2)[62] of the ICCPR which forbids specific types of hate expression. In addition, ‘any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law’.[63] It seems that Article 20 is working with Article 19 towards collaborating with the States to balance by law which eliminates criminalising.[64] As a result, it can be argued that Article 20(2) does not violate freedom of expression in a liberal democratic society but regulates this freedom positively. This is bolstered by the Human Rights Committee in its Draft General Comment No 34 (2011) which supports the compatibility between Articles 20 and 19 of the ICCPR and sets permissible restrictions on the right of free speech.[65] Hence, the Human Rights Committee re-affirmed that Article 20 provides convenient sanctions in cases of a breach so it will not interpret provisions to impose criminal sanctions in advance.[66] The case of Ross[67] clarified the overlapping characteristics of Articles 20 and 19 in which the Human Rights Committee stressed the need for consistent interpretations of the Covenant.[68] In this case, the Committee justified limiting the authors rights to freedom of expression and religion, based on Article 19(3). As a result, Article 20(2) did not violate any rights of expression due to: first, the prohibition of the act stated in the law; second, a legitimate purpose was clear; third, the necessity to achieve its stated purpose.[69] Moreover, there was a violation in a subsection of the New Brunswick Human Rights Act due to the authors expressions being considered as discriminatory and poisoning the community.[70] Clearly in this case the State Party prevented the author from expressing himself which undermined liberal democratic values.[71] Furthermore, the Supreme Court decided not to allow the author to practise his religion while being a teacher which seems to be a denial of the freedom and right recognised by the Covenant.[72] Hence, the authors right of free expression was restricted and held as a sufficient detriment for losing a teaching position as this job carried specific duties.[73] However, as teaching young students carries special duties which if misconducted might harm the pupils, it was proportionate to restrict the author’s rights.[74] This is strengthened by Mill’s point of view that instigation is a form of harming others, which is a legitimate justification for restricting free speech as occurred in this case.[75] Based on the harm principle introduced by Mill, freedom of speech should not lead to discrimination and harm to any members of society. If this could be avoided, it would lead to a flourishing and healthy society, which is a fundamental aspect of a liberal democratic society.[76] According to Article 26 of the ICCPR, hate and discrimination speech are prohibited by customary international law to avoid causing harm. This clearly states that ‘all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion ’.[77] To summarise, it is clear at this stage that there are enough legal grounds to restrict freedom of expression. This is also bolstered by a number of legal theorists who are in favour of restricting free speech. The argument is over the extent that the source of freedom which is the State should try to balance equality and liberty. It has been argued that regulating free expression is a mechanism for enhancing free speech which is not an absolute right. On the other side, some debaters claim that the truth shall only be revealed by having diverse opinions. Nowadays, there has been an increase in anti-discrimination and equality laws which have curtailed in limited circumstances free speech. There are number of legislations for restricting free speech such as Article 19(3) of the ICCPR,[78] Article 10(2) of the ECHR,[79] Section 2 of the CCRF,[80] as well as number of domestic legislations in the UK.[81] However, Article 19(3) of the ICCPR is conditioned on three grounds: first, the intervention should be in compliance with the law; second, the legally enforced intervention has to pursue a legitimate aim; third, there is a necessity for the restriction. Based on the given grounds, it seems that there are legitimate bases for restricting free speech which does not violate the rights of a liberal democratic society but rather helps to protect the society. Word Count: 2510 words Bibliography Books Article 19, Prohibiting Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility or Violence  (Article 19 2012) Barendt E,  Freedom of Speech  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005) Beatson J and Cripps YM,  Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Information  (Oxford University Press 2002) Devlin P,  The Enforcement of Morals  (Oxford University Press 1965) Feinberg J,  Harm to Others: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law  (Oxford University Press 1984) Fiss OM,  The Irony of Free Speech  (Harvard University Press 1998) Fuller LL,  The Morality of Law  (Yale University Press 1969) Hare I and Weinstein J,  Extreme Speech and Democracy  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2010) Mill J, On Liberty (Penguin Books 2010) Mill JS,  Collected Works of John Stuart Mill  (John Mercel Robson (ed), Routledge 2011) Waldron J, The Harm in Hate Speech (Harvard University Press 2012) Warburton N,  Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction  (Oxford University Press 2009) Wragg PM,  Critiquing the UK Judiciarys Response to Article 10 Post-HRA  (University of Durham 2009) Articles Bennett C, ‘Expression, Freedom of Speech and the State’ (2017) 8 Jurisprudence 360 Dworkin R, ‘A New Map of Censorship’ (2006) 35 Index on Censorship 130 Emerson T, ‘The Right of Privacy and Freedom of the Press’ [1979] 14 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review 329 Flahvin A, ‘Can Legislation Prohibiting Hate Speech Be Justified in Light of Free Speech Principles’ [1995] 18 UNSW Law Journal 328 Heinze E, ‘Viewpoint Absolutism and Hate Speech’ (2006) 69 Modern Law Review 543 Mendel T,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRestricting Freedom of Expression: Standards and Principles’  (Centre for Law and Democracy) Sottiaux S and Rummens S, ‘Concentric Democracy: Resolving the Incoherence in the European Court of Human Rights Case Law on Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Association (2012) 10 International Journal of Constitutional Law 106 Strossen N, ‘Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?’ (1990) 1990 Duke Law Journal 554 Van Alstyne WW, ‘Freedom of Speech and the Flag Anti-Desecration Amendment: Antinomies of Constitutional Choice’ (1991) 29 Free Speech Yearbook 96 Yong C, ‘Does Freedom Of Speech Include Hate Speech?’ (2011) 17 Res Publica 385 Table of Treaties and Legislations African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982) 21 ILM 58 American Convention on Human Rights (signed 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) Criminal Justice Act 2003 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) Malicious Communications Act 1988 (amended 2003) Public Order Act 1996 Race and Religious Hatred Act 2006 United States Constitution Bill of Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) Table of Cases Handyside v UK App No 5493/72 (7 December 1976) Lingens v Austria App No 9815/82 (8 July 1986) Malcolm Ross v Canada Comm No 736/1997 (18 October 2000) Mavlonov v Uzbekistan Comm No 1334/2004 (27 April 2009) R v Keegstra (1990) 3 SCR 697 RAV v City of St Pauls 505 US 377 (1992) Schenck v United States 249 US 47 (1919) Shin v Republic of Korea Comm No 926/2000 (25 April 2000) Snyder v Phelps 562 US 443 (2011) The Observer and Guardian v The United Kingdom 51/1990/242/313 (24 October 1991) The Sunday Times v United Kingdom App No 6538/74 (26 April 1979) Thorgeirson v Iceland Appl No 13778/88 (25 June 1992) [1] Nigel Warburton,  Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction  (Oxford University Press 2009) 3. [2] Jack Beatson and Yvonne M Cripps,  Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Information  (Oxford University Press 2002) 17-20. [3] Lon L Fuller,  The Morality of Law  (Yale University Press 1969) 185-186. [4] ibid. [5] ibid. [6] ibid. 7 Ronald Dworkin, ‘A New Map of Censorship’ (2006) 35 Index on Censorship 130. [8] Nadine Strossen, ‘Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?’ (1990) 1990 Duke Law Journal 554. [9] ibid 559. [10] Eric Heinze, ‘Viewpoint Absolutism and Hate Speech’ (2006) 69 Modern Law Review 543. [11] Article 19, Prohibiting Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility or Violence  (Article 19 2012). [12] Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) art 19. [13] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) art 19. [14] ibid. [15] ibid. [16] Toby Mendel,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRestricting Freedom of Expression: Standards and Principles’  (Centre for Law and Democracy). [17] American Convention on Human Rights (signed 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) art 13. [18] Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) art 10. [19] African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982) 21 ILM 58, art 9. [20] Warburton (n 1) 8. [21] ibid. [22] Schenck v United States 249 US 47 (1919). [23] Warburton (n 1) 9. [24] ibid. [25] Jeremy Waldron, The Harm in Hate Speech (Harvard University Press 2012). [26] John Stuart Mill,  Collected Works of John Stuart Mill  (John Mercel Robson (ed), Routledge 2011). [27] Christopher Bennett, ‘Expression, Freedom of Speech and the State’ (2017) 8 Jurisprudence 360. [28] Joel Feinberg,  Harm to Others: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law  (Oxford University Press 1984). [29] Waldron (n 25) 169. [30] Patrick Devlin,  The Enforcement of Morals  (Oxford University Press 1965) 14. [31] Mendel (n 16) 3. [32] ICCPR (n 13) art 19(3). [33] The Sunday Times v United Kingdom App No 6538/74 (26 April 1979) para 49. [34] The Observer and Guardian v The United Kingdom 51/1990/242/313 (24 October 1991). [35] Thorgeirson v Iceland Appl No 13778/88 (25 June 1992) para 63. [36] Stefan Sottiaux and Stefan Rummens, ‘Concentric Democracy: Resolving the Incoherence in the European Court of Human Rights Case Law on Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Association (2012) 10 International Journal of Constitutional Law 106. [37] ECHR (n 18) art 10(2). [38] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 2. [39] R v Keegstra (1990) 3 SCR 697. [40] Ivan Hare and James Weinstein,  Extreme Speech and Democracy  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2010). [41] Race and Religious Hatred Act 2006, s 29 (j). [42] Public Order Act 1996. [43] See also Malicious Communications Act 1988 (amended 2003); Race and Religious Hatred Act 2006; Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, ss 145-146; Criminal Justice Act 2003. [44] First Amendment of the United States Constitution Bill of Rights. [45] Snyder v Phelps 562 US 443 (2011). [46] Anne Flahvin, ‘Can Legislation Prohibiting Hate Speech Be Justified in Light of Free Speech Principles’ [1995] 18 UNSW Law Journal 328. [47] Lingens v Austria App No 9815/82 (8 July 1986) paras 39-40. [48] Handyside v UK App No 5493/72 (7 December 1976). [49] Shin v Republic of Korea Comm No 926/2000 (25 April 2000). [50] Thomas Emerson, ‘The Right of Privacy and Freedom of the Press’ [1979] 14 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review 329, 331. [51] Eric Barendt,  Freedom of Speech  (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005) 38. [52] Caleb Yong, ‘Does Freedom Of Speech Include Hate Speech?’ (2011) 17 Res Publica 385. [53] Mavlonov v Uzbekistan Comm No 1334/2004 (27 April 2009) para 4.2. [54] Warburton (n 1) 26. [55] John Mill, On Liberty (Penguin Books 2010) 27. [56] ICCPR (n 13) art 19(2). [57] Mavlonov v Uzbekistan (n 53) para 2.6. [58] ibid. [59] Mill (n 55) 28. [60] RAV v City of St Pauls 505 US 377 (1992). [61] Owen M Fiss,  The Irony of Free Speech  (Harvard University Press 1998). [62] ICCPR (n 13) art 20(2). [63] ibid. [64] Bennett (n 27). [65] ibid. [66] ibid. [67] Malcolm Ross v Canada Comm No 736/1997 (18 October 2000). [68] ibid para 6.3. [69] ibid para 6.9. [70] ibid para 6.10. [71] ibid para 7.2. [72] ibid. [73] Paul Martin Wragg,  Critiquing the UK Judiciarys Response to Article 10 Post-HRA  (University of Durham 2009) 103. [74] ibid 104. [75] Mill (n 55) 30. [76] WW Van Alstyne, ‘Freedom of Speech and the Flag Anti-Desecration Amendment: Antinomies of Constitutional Choice’ (1991) 29 Free Speech Yearbook 96. [77] ICCPR (n 13) art 26. [78] ibid art 19(3). [79] ECHR (n 18) art 10(2). [80] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 2. [81] Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006; Public Order Act 1996; Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008; Malicious Communications Act 1988 (amended 2003); and Criminal Justice Act 2003.