Importance, Highlights of the 20th Century English Literature

The Importance of the 20th Century Literature The dawning of a new century marked a distinct change in the style and subjects of literature. Rural, agrarian lifestyles were fast becoming a thing of the past as industrialization made factory work the norm, and many people began to feel isolated despite living in big cities. Writers who identified as â€Å"modernists† reflected this new sense of isolation and displacement in their works. The entire Western world was also deeply affected by the devastation of World Wars I and II, and writers responded by evaluating humanity's seemingly boundless inhumanity.Women and minority voices became more prominent in the 1930s and beyond, further expanding the canon. The Beat Generation began in the late 1940s and writers reflected the growing trend of anti-conformist thought. By centuries end, Generation X writers were inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the decline of imperialism but were often seen as cynical and self-serving. Th e material, intellectual and social advancements of this century, has led to literary pieces made in the 21st century.There will no doubt be lasting effects from the twentieth century that will surely have a direct influence on the political, social and interpersonal relationships that develop from now on. The use of the label â€Å"Celtic fringe† as applied to non-English, or traditionally non-English-speaking, territories to marginalise these cultures is now analysed as a colonial attitude, and literatures of Ireland, Scotland and Wales may be studied through the methodology of postcolonialism.But a legacy of Britishness also survives around the world: a shared history of British presence and cultural influence in the Commonwealth of Nations has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages, known as Commonwealth literature. The year 1922 marked a significant changed in the relationship between Britain and Ireland, with the setting up of the Irish Free State in t he predominantly Catholic South, while the predominantly Protestant Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.This separation also leads to questions as to what extent Irish writing prior to 1922 should be treated as a colonial literature. Nationalist movements in other parts of Britain, especially Wales and Scotland, also significantly influenced writers in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. During the 20th Century, much advancement and change occurred throughout English Literature. All of the works we studied from this period were heavily influenced by current events in the world.The writers all examined the world around them and tried to express it through their writings. The three things that weave a common thread throughout all 20th Century English Literature are global warfare, radical artistic experimentation, and the effects of colonial expansion. The first point of global warfare is an easily identifiable and widespread one. All of the poetry we examined w as centered around warfare and the effects of it on those involved. Sources: http://www. enotes. com/topics/century-literature http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/British_literature

Cinderella Man

I am James J. Braddock. They call me the Cinderella Man. The archetype of all who followed. I was born and raised in New York’s infamous hell’s kitchen. I have always dreamt of defying insurmountable odds. Yet I haven’t always done it on the coliseum called Madison Square Garden just a couple of blocks here from West 48th street. My boxing career had its up’s and down’s. You might be thinking why I was raised in hell’s kitchen but my name doesn’t sound like an American. Yes, I am Irish yet my family wasn’t affluent just like most Irish immigrants in America. My parents weren’t capable of sending me in a catholic private school. Play football for Knute Rockne’s Fighting Irish of Notre Dame? Tough luck! The only way I would be admitted in that private school is to rob a bank. But that’s not the right way of doing things. That’s not the way I do things. I thrive in adversity. I didn’t earn my nickname for nothing. I earned my monicker the hard way, and believe me it was no fairy tale. From a poor local fighter in New York to the heavyweight champion of the world, do you think it was a fairy tale? I gave up boxing for quite some time. I had to. The crisis known as the Great Depression has engulfed and overwhelmed the country and its people. It was survival of the fittest and the removal of the unfit. I had to do a bevy of blue-collar jobs just to provide food on the table for my family. â€Å"Family comes first. Boxing can wait.† I said to myself. Yet I never stopped dreaming on how to return to boxing and realizing my dream. I always asked myself: how would someone like me perform a feat like that when people are overwhelmed by grief and sadness? America was bleak and desolate. Was I America? No. I am Braddock. James Braddock is from hell’s kitchen. One day, I had a chance to show the world what I can do inside the ring again. I was pitted with the ranked tow contender for they heavyweight champion of the world. I must admit, those sly promoters saw me as a mere punching bag just to get the show going. After a few minutes, the second best boxer in the world was kissing the floor of the ring, and I was standing there with my arms raised by the astounded referee while the amazed crowd threw a deafening set of applause. There was hope after all in this Great Depression. They gave me hope. I gave them hope as well. My Humble Beginnings When I reached 21 in 1926, I decided to turn pro. Ii wasn’t easy for a neophyte boxer like me. I had my first break in the light heavy weight division, and after a couple of wins and losses, I had the chance to fight the champ – Tommy Loughran. It didn’t go well for me. I was considered the underdog. Loughran pummelled me in a heartbreaking 15-round decision that ended with my defeat. The loss made me question myself. I drowned in depression because my right hand which I considered my bestfriend was severely fractured. And as if it couldn’t get any worse, America was on the verge of being defeated as well. In 1929, the stock market crashed and the world saw a dramatic economic downfall. A plethora of industries and its exportation of goods by countries were affected. Rural areas and the farming industry were hit hard. Cities like New York halted all construction and industrial business affairs were on the brink of massive employee lay-offs. The Big Apple was being rotten by the Great Depression (Estate of James J. Braddock, 2008) I didn’t let the Great Depression overwhelm me. I thought that one man can make a difference in this period of grief and despair. I had to pull myself and my family from being engulfed by this God-damned depression. I had to give up boxing and worked as a longshoreman. During my stint as a longshoreman, I developed increased strength on my left hand which I frequently use rather than my right hand. My right hand was my bestfriend, but my left hand was my pride. Like when I returned the money which we received from the government which was inspired by the Catholic Worker Movement to aid the homeless and starving at that time. Homeless? I returned the relief money to them. Call it whatever you want. Pride? Perhaps for you it was. But for me it was more than pride. If I received any monetary help from anyone without working for it, I considered myself a loser. In 1934, my luck changed and I had huge upset victories against Corn Griffin and John Henry Lewis. God was indeed good. This paved the way for my greatest bout ever. A match against the heavyweight champion of the world – Max Baer (Howard, 2005). My Sweetest Victory: Max Baer After I downed Griffin and Lewis in 1934, people began calling me the Cinderella Man. My huge comeback to boxing was much celebrated than any sports event in the country. On March 22, 1935, I had again the chance to redeem myself to the world. Art Lansky was supposed to have a title bout against world heavyweight champion Max Baer. Lansky was too clumsy to break his nose just before the bout. I was the replacement (Howard, 2005). Baer, from what I heard is brutal and relentless whether inside or outside the ring. The guy almost killed two of his opponents. Is he human? I kid myself. Baer already killed a man in the ring, by the name of Frankie Campbell. I didn’t believe he intended to kill Campbell though. I’ve always believe that all men who thrive in violence has always a hint of a funny bone in himself. Specially in this Great Depression, a joke can always command victory over a sea of tears. Before the fight, I overheard Baer’s handlers who boasted that they picked me to be the replacement because they thought I was a walk-in-the-park opponent for Baer. I was irked. â€Å"Braddock is no loser.† I told myself. I’m tired of losing. I had to fight like its breathing. I had to box for my family. I had to breathe for them. After this thought fuelled my enraged mind, I suddenly found myself inside the ring with Baer. Waiting for the bell to ring, I pondered on how I got here and remembered what I’m here for. â€Å"Ding!† The bell rang. It was the linchpin for this slugfest of two pugs. But it wasn’t a mere bout for me. It was redemption. We exchanged blows and traded punches. I retaliated with spirit. After a few minutes, I saw myself standing again. And Baer was kissing the ring pavement. I saw the millions of people giving me the applause I yearned for years. Then I realized this wasn’t my victory alone. This was America’s victory. I am the Cinderella Man.   The archetype of all who followed. References Howard,Ron.(2005). Cinderella Man. Estate of James J. Braddock. (2008). Biography of James J. Braddock. Retrieved February 10,2008, from http://www.jamesjbraddock.com/                                                                                                                                          

Reader Response Theory Essay

Literary criticism is not an abstract, intellectual exercise; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism is nothing more than discourse—spoken or written—about literature. Reader-response criticism attempts to describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a work of fiction. This type of literary criticism recognizes that like writing, reading is a creative process. Reader-response critics believe that no text provides self-contained meaning; literary texts do not have meaning independently from readers’ interpretations. According to this school, a text is not complete until it is read and interpreted. The easiest way to explain reader-response criticism is to relate it to the common experience of re-reading a favorite book after many years. A book one read as a child might seem shockingly different when re-read as an adolescent or as an adult. The character once remembered favorably might seem less admirable while another character becomes more sympathetic. The book has not changed. However, our life experiences between the first reading and any subsequent re-reading can affect the way we respond to a story. Reader-response criticism explores how different individuals see the same text differently. It emphasizes how religious, cultural, and social values affect the way we read and respond to a work of fiction. Of course, no two individuals will necessarily read a text in exactly the same way nor will they agree on its meaning. Rather than declare one interpretation correct and the other mistaken, reader-response criticism recognizes that different insights are inevitable. Instead of trying to ignore or reconcile the contradictions, it explores them. Reader-response criticism also overlaps with gender criticism in exploring how men and women read the same text with different assumptions. While reader-response criticism rejects the notion that there can be a single correct reading for a literary text, it doesn’t consider all readings permissible. Each text creates limits to its possible interpretations. We cannot suddenly change the setting, the way a story’s plot unfolds, or redefine its characters. Keeping a reader’s journal is a great way to keep track of the fiction you read and your emotional responses to the stories. You can use the journal to explore ideas for essays, note important quotations, and list words to look up in the dictionary. Use your reader’s journal while studying Sun, Stone, and Shadows to provide a convenient way of documenting your own response to the stories you read in the anthology. Excerpted from The Longman Anthology of Short Fiction by Dana Gioia and R. S. Gwynn, eds.

Journal Entry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Entry - Coursework Example Every person can work according to their own talent and skills and hence, every person can work according to their interest. However, collaboration is still regarded as a team work. This is one of the things that I feel are most important for everyone to understand because this may be one of the biggest problems that one may face while working with new people. Since I have taken this course I have tried to implement all ways of collaboration I have learnt through this course. It really is helping me throughout. When I get into a group work I always recommend this kind of working which makes it easier for all of us to work. This course, not only told us ways to work in collaboration, but also told us examples where people are working in interdisciplinary collaboration. For example in films, everybody works in their own department. The actors are supposed to act, the choreographers are supposed to choreograph; the editors are supposed to edit and so on. During the whole process, nobody interrupts in any others work, hence a successful film. During this course we got many surprising visitors that gave us their experiences about working in collaboration and working according to others’ disciplines and their disciplines combine. They told us that they had their tasks done before time and perfectly. They also shared with us how they kept on a smooth and friendly environment throughout. This was probably one of the biggest inspirations that my fellow mates and I got. Throughout, this course has offered me a lot to study about further. I personally got the curiosity in me that have lead me to do further research on interdisciplinary and collaboration work. I personally think that this course has helped me and it will help me in the upcoming years. This course has most definitely helped me during my group projects that I have worked on with people I know and people I don’t know. I was surprised how my ideas worked out well

Database and Data Warehousing Design Assignment

Database and Data Warehousing Design - Assignment Example The functional systems, for example marketing, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and so on, supply data the warehouse and making use of Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) approach the data is retrieved from the data warehouse (Rizzi, Abello, Lectenborger and Trujilo, 2006). Since the firm under discussion is concerned with a large volume of data to be considered for evaluation, for that reason, the data warehouse is suggested for execution by the company. The data warehouse would bring about the company not just in its business, but in addition delivers many different added benefits to the company. A few of the factors that motivate the execution of the data warehouse in the firm involve: the data warehouse in a position to cope with massive data, it generates reports instantly, accordingly. Saves time, it offers premium quality data and presents increased business intelligence. Nevertheless, the benefits are invariably linked to down sides, the risks of the data warehouse embody: investing time in extracting, clearing and uploading data, developing high upkeep system, and resource optimization. Keeping in mind the drawbacks of the data warehouse, there are particular rules and best procedures which the business has to stick to these while employing the data warehouse. Some of the most effective tactics that the organization ought to comply with incorporate: investing proper time in accumulating needs and style, building prototypes, correct usage of the centralized and in depth data, building data credibility checks and supply of correct training to the clients. Since the database of the firm is substantial, for that reason, the company must not deem building the relational data warehouse. On the other hand, the company is suggested to make use of the index partitioning and tables. It is advisable that the organization must comply with these best procedures to put into practice

Amputation Mishap Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Amputation Mishap Negligence - Essay Example A malpractice on the other hand occurs when a doctor, a hospital, or any other medical professional, causes an injury through omission or negligence to a patient. Malpractice can also be viewed as professional negligence, where a surgeon or any other professional testifies that his colleagues would regard his practice as not proper. All malpractice may involve negligence, although all negligence may not be malpractice. If a nurse fails to present medications as prescribed, and consequently the patient’s condition gets worse or results in death, the nurse will be indeed negligent. In cases where a nurse fails to pay attention to his or her tasks or has inadequate skills, it may lead to a suit of negligence to one who does not give approved care standards (Helm, 2003). Good nurses know their obligations and communicate well with their patients and physicians. Such nurses are aware of board practices and regulations within legal guidelines. Most nurses have no issues with committ ing negligent acts provided and they adhere to the confines of required practices, protocols, and legal hospital guidelines. I do agree with the article that what was practiced by the doctor, the hospital management, and the neighboring staff is total negligence. It is man’s nature to make errors at times, but mistakes that lead to harm on individuals could be perceived as negligence. In the Neighborhood newspaper, Mr. Benson’s amputation was an irreversible act. The doctor amputated the wrong leg, a fact that still remains a dream to Benson. The dilemma is whether the doctor was negligent in his practice or not. Here, the doctor was definitely negligent. This is due to the reason that the surgeon did not act exactly the way any other surgeon would have acted if in the same practice. Worse of all, not all the measures were considered to make sure that the right leg be amputated. Several cases of the same type have happened in history and procedures invented so this mis take would not occur again. Surgery is to be carried out after the right procedures have been put in place. Staff members in the operating room have to take time in ensuring that the correct patient is in the room awaiting the right surgery. In Benson’s case, the nurses at the neighborhood hospital kept quite on the case. If the nursing staff and the doctors in the operating room were keen on the practice, then this incident could not happen (Oberman, 1996). Quality documentation is vital in providing care and due to the present healthcare system; patients who claim to have sustained psychological or physical harm resulting from the negligence of their health providers can bring their lawsuits and claims to recover damages. A medical record acts as a legal document to be used by the injured patient for other legal proceedings or against other personnel since it is a permanent record. Correct documentation in the medical records develops legal data which completely and accurat ely reflect the care offered to the injured patient. In a court of law, it acts like a witness who gives facets about the events. If there is no evidence from the records then it is assumed that the negligent act never happened. Documentation is also important to the health providers; especially in civil litigation where there is alleged nursing malpractice or negligence it can

Poetry Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry Questions - Essay Example d as something whose beauty is cherished from afar as long as the gap of distance made by the heights where the object of interest resides is not closed. So that this initial part of the poem proceeds with â€Å"Provided it do hopeless – hang -- / That – â€Å"Heaven† is – to Me!† The creation of â€Å"Heaven† – is what I cannot reach! May be recognized with unusual use of punctuations. Dickinson richly fills in her composition with dashes all throughout the poem, locating them where appropriate. This reflects a particular attitude with the manner the speaker ought to connect words so that they generate interjections somewhere and evoke how much ‘heaven’ means to her. She further engages in enumerating scenes that are evidently beyond her reach, stating with keen sentiment â€Å"The Color, on the Cruising Cloud -- / The interdicted Land --†. Heaven, for the joyful speaker, must be a sight of paradise as she continues to express â€Å"Behind the Hill – the House behind -- / There – Paradise – is found!† To this extent, a critical reader may be inclined to observe that the poet desires to render the main character to possess a playful imagination of hovering at a spot from the distant Hill where all she could possibly have at that moment is a treasure in mind or that ‘House’ at the other side of the ‘Hill’. Dickinson can be felt to draw an allusion whereby the idea of being brought to her setting of heaven depends on whether or not a huge barrier can be crossed since the ‘Hill’ in the second stanza occurs to divide the onlooker and the dream ‘House’. Apparently, Dickinson’s heaven is found within the realm of this planet and need not be that which is conventionally associated with the cosmic bodies or the spiritual world. As long as there exists a great distance to be covered, either by longitude or latitude, between a dreamer and the dream, then this situation gives birth to the notion of heaven. Besides this, nevertheless, the

Global marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global marketing - Essay Example Every foreign market or country will exhibit certain unique political, social and economic conditions, along with different clients’ base, competitors, prospective employees, etc, etc. These distinct aspects will give rise to many opportunities as well as challenges, which many aid as well as block the firms’ success. These distinct aspects will be visible in many countries including the Asian country of India and thus, those aspects could act as an advantage as well as a challenge for the organisations entering it particularly Telstra, who is planning to enter it with optimum marketing strategies. Among the many departments, which constitute an organization, the marketing department’s role is omnipresent and crucial, as it can only boost an organization through various strategies. With every organization wanting to expand their reach and make an imprint in various markets, there will be optimum opportunities for it, to start that expansion drive. So, when the organization has enough opportunities, it can set targets and formulate various strategies to achieve those targets and thereby beat off the competitors. Every organization’s survival and success in the light of stiff competition hinges on the success of its main or flagship product. It is the ‘key’ that opens the door of success or profit. For an organization to survive in a competitive market, and to increase its profits in an optimum manner, its products have to be marketed optimally. The marketing department had to put in an extra effort to formulate strategies to reach the customer’ s minds. So, this paper will discuss the marketing strategies, Australian company Telstra should implement in India, if it wants Telstra mobile phones or handsets to have a successful launch. Telstra, telecommunications and media company, was formerly under the control of

Protection of wages Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protection of wages - Case Study Example Protection of Wages: The General conference of International Labour Organisation, has been convened at Geneva on 8th June 1949.As per C95- Protection of Wages Convention 1949, the employee has several protections. Some of the relevant articles are discussed here:As per Article 4, National laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitration awards may authorise the partial payment of wages in the form of allowances in kind in industries or occupations in which payment in the form of such allowances is customary or desirable because of the nature of the industry or occupation concerned. Under this article it is stressed that the allowance is required to be appropriate for the benefit of the employee and the amount of such allowance shall be fair and justified. In case an employer is paying some allowance to the employee, which is more than the justified payment, then the employer can deduct such payment.Article 8 states that the deduction from wages by the employer is permitted o nly under the regulatory control of the national laws or as decided by the arbitration award. Workers shall be informed about the most appropriate reasons and conditions applicable for such kind of deductions. It is obvious that no employer has the authority to deduct the wages if there is no such provision made by the national regulation or by arbitration. Without informing the reasons of deductions, the employer has no authority to deduct the wages. (â€Å"Protection of Wages Convention 1949†, n.d.)The legal restrictions on the deduction of payment are as follows: ... boarding, lodging as governed by the employment standards (d) advance pay recovery or erroneous pay correction (e) any deduction, agreed by the employee, which benefits the employee. An employee can deduct the cost of tools from the wages of the employee - (a) If it is a precondition in the employment that the employee must own the special tools, then the supply of such tools by the employer, makes the deductions from wages as an appropriate measure. (b) The employee may be using the tools for job at other employers. (c) The tools may be available from other suppliers but the employee bought it from the employer. The employer cannot make any deductions towards the safety and health legislation. Any equipment, clothing required to be worn by the employee for personal safety must be supplied by the employer at its own cost. Cost of safety equipments and clothing are directly beneficial to the employer, that's why they are not deducted from the wages of employee. ("Deductions from wages", n.d.) Equal Pay: Employers must offer equal pay to men and women irrespective of gender: (a) if they are employed for similar or "like work" (b) if the job evaluation treats both kind of jobs as equivalent. (c) the value of work is recognized equal. As per the employment terms equal work shall offer equal payment irrespective of gender. An individual employee has the protection of claim under Equal Pay Act 1970 in an employment Tribunal. The employee can seek for the claim within six months after leaving the employment. ("Rights at work", n.d.) The employees are protected by the UK registered ship contracts: Under this contract or legislation, the wage of an employee is

Use of the slit-lamp for anterior segment examination of the eye Case Study

Use of the slit-lamp for anterior segment examination of the eye - Case Study Example In my clinical placement in the Ophthalmology, I had a chance to examine a patient who presented complaining of decrease in vision. For confidentiality and ethical reasons, the identity of this patient remains undisclosed. However, this 65-year-old gentleman presented to the clinic, and when I was instructed to do a slit-lamp examination, it felt that it was an opportunity to use academic learning in practice, and I was very excited. In order to arrive at a diagnosis, I obtained these systemic medical history and family ocular history, since these are important for assessing a patient's risk factors for ocular disease. Just as with other body systems, reliable historical information allows the clinician to more appropriately direct the physical examination (Quillen, 1999).I probed into his recent complaints in terms of the onset, duration, and associated symptoms, since knowledge about these can guide me to the correct diagnosis. I asked him about his prior good and equal vision in b oth eyes. Then I asked him whether the problem were on the both eyes, and how could he not note it for last 1 year. He said that he was going on with his frequent changes in glasses, which he thought was natural at his age. While watching television, he suddenly discovered that his vision in the right eye was a lot better than the left, and when he attempted to watch TV with one eye, he was surprised to discover that with the left eye alone, the pictures were hazy. Moreover, he could see better at the periphery than at the centre. He had no pain, distortion of the sight, and no double vision. These were very suggestive and significant pieces of information since they narrow down the clinical differential diagnosis further, and helps the examiner to design the clinical examination in a better way. The suggestive better peripheral vision, differential vision between the eyes and absence of distortion, pain, and double vision led to the impression that I need to focus in the anterior s egment of the eye while conducting his examination (Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, 2001). General Examination When I decided to carry out an examination, I felt that a patient with decreasing vision requires a complete examination to determine the cause of the visual decline. Therefore, I started to do a systematic examination. I performed a general examination of the eyes in good diffuse light, and I felt that it would lead me to the possible diagnosis, so later I can do a slit-lamp examination. The general examination began with the examination of the eyelids and the conjunctival sac. He was elderly and had some amount of sagging of the eyelids. On palpation, the lid margins did not demonstrate any swelling. There was no redness in the conjunctivae. The eyelashes were normal. There was no evidence of any inflammation or blepharitis in both the lid margins. In order to examine the conjunctival sac, it was necessary to expose the palpebral conjunctiva and the fornices. Due to age, his fornices were shallow. There was no crusting, follicles, conjunctival papillae, or pseudomembrane indicating chronic or acute inflammation contributing his diminished vision. I drew down his lower lid while he was asked to look towards the ceiling, and the lower fornix looked normal. This excluded any inflammation of the lower lid and swelling that can compromise vision temporarily. The upper lid was everted to examine the upper palpebral conjunc

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Assignment 5 - Essay Example More generally, we can see that cross-cultural encounters do not always end well for everybody involved. Before understanding what a cross-cultural encounter can do, it is important to understand what one is. In the broadest meaning, such an encounter could be described as any in which two different cultures meet. More specifically, it is one in which ideas that are different between cultures are exchanged, with varying results. In the case of Benin, one of the exchanges was â€Å"the discovery of Benin art by Europeans†. (Mackie 16) This can be seen in the last paragraph of the passage from Bacon, which states that some of the things found in the houses were â€Å"castings of wonderful delicacy of detail, and some magnificently carved tusks†. In the background, we can see that the Benin were perhaps initially pleased by contact with the West. Presumably, they happily traded for the â€Å"glass walking sticks, old uniforms, absurd umbrellas† and so on that Bacon describes as being in most of the warehouses. However, the exchange obviously did not go well for the Benin. In the context Mackie gives us, we know that Bacon is an invader trying to bring Benin â€Å"firmly under British control†. (Mackie 17) Although it is not explicitly mentioned in the passage, some sense of this chilling reason behind the cross-cultural encounter can be seen in the way Bacon describes the Benin people. Bacon was largely unimpressed with what he found, and so the cultural exchange which could have taken place was limited by the Europeans existing prejudices about the Benin people. The way the passage describes the Benin as â€Å"natives† who were tricked by â€Å"the usual cheap finery† reinforces the idea that the Europeans only wanted to manipulate this different culture for their own ends. The fact that the passage describes the Benin in very negative tones elsewhere, such as explaining the â€Å"ruined and uninhabited houses† as being

My opinion about Catherine Hayles’ book Essay Example for Free

My opinion about Catherine Hayles’ book Essay My opinion about Catherine Hayles’ book Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I disagree with the conclusion of Catherine hayles book and her latest advice.The picture that Catherine Hayles frames is that human being fear to be post human .In her argument She puts information as the core that only requires a conveying media and that media can be machines or human being. She shows how post human is necessary by giving it a positive outlook than human. Hayles argues that human being will be replaced by post human and the human race will face extinction. In her conclusion she states that post human are superior than human being and goes further to feeble the human being by saying that they are not autonomous in thinking . In a further extent Hayles in her book says that computers machines and programs will wipe away the human race.There are many things I don’t agree with Catherine Hayles I will lay down my argument disagreeing with her argument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human being are superior over all creation and they cannot be replaced by any other creation.Catherine Hayles argues that human being will morph into something else, something like a cyborg where machines will be overall and incharge and commernder of the other creation.This view is far away from truth, human being cannot be replaced by a creation that has been made by Him. Human being were created to subdue the earth and all the other creations are inferior to Human. It’s not possible to create something and be inferior to it. God is superior to us and so we are superior to machines. Catherine Hayles needs to elaborate and explain why can we create something and it turns to our god.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Posthuman cann’t think as human being does. Hayles lays down her argument saying that post human do think as human being . This she tries to argue that the deeds and actions that can be done by a human being due to thinking can also be done by robot because it thinks too. Do posthuman have self will like human being does? This is a question not answered in her book. Human being thinks in a natural way and posthuman thinks as a result of radio frequency identification (RFID). There is a big gap between posthuman and human being and nothing can bridge this gap.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at the contribution she made the last in her book , her ambition are much higher. The first chapter she read the book of Hans Moravec’s Mind Children:The future of robot and human intelligence and she got a shock. The thing that captured her mind was Moravec’s assertion which stated that near future the consciousness of human being will be transferred to that of computer.There are two prepositions that are implicated here; (1) That existence of information is not reliable to a particular substrate. (2) The consciousness of human being is information. These two preposition are the one that Hayles through her narrative contests three devoted topics; The cyborg emerged as a result of cultural artifacts, how the body was lost by information and the construction that resulted the emergency of post human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hayles goes further in defining post human using two other ways, first was that posthuman are susceptible, coordinating and self organizing its self in a larger system. She argues that we are dictated by the environment we live in and thus integrated into that environment. She says that human being needed posthuman and thus the technology is the one that pushes for it. The innovation is the one that created posthuman and human being now depends on posthuman. She alludes posthuman in a manner above it’s definition, she says that the information from body is tranferrable from body to machines.It’s very clear is literature and has no facts in it human and posthuman mutually require each other to survive but posthuman requires human to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hayles opposes the formulation of the second definition of post human and endorsing the definition of the first one. She argues that we think of apocalyptic visions where machines will be equal and become our superior. Hayles didn’t see the danger to obviate the stated machines and the repercussion of changing definition. Hayles argument doesn’t give any hope for survival of human being, that’s very pathetic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another argument she grounds herself with is that there will be full integration of one’s self with a machine and that the content that evolution excluded. She says that body has a sediment history and it do have an architecture in it, a physical structure whose constraints and possibilities have been formed by an evolutionary history that intelligent machines do not share. ( C. H ayles,284, 2009.) In my views, human being cannot be fully identified with machines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hayles did mention about Joseph Weizenbaum’s statement that making a judgement and the capacity to make is a matter that should be left as an ethical principle, to the human alone. I don’t agree. What are the impacts of feeding more and more information and functions to technology and computers? How is it possible for us to lose our humanity for we resign the skill to practice the decision of of a particular nature?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we take machine and look at themselves, the analysis of Hayles shows that posthuman have the same consciousness as human and they help in our thinking and they do perform the functions that we don’t need to but quiet want to.Infact they do function and perform better than human being .But we should not forget where they originated from. All machines and their relatives they came from the effort of human mind production. Human being has created them to aid in maximizing his own efficiency and he have, with no doubt accomplished his motive. Without human being machines would not be in existence and thus for them to exist human being has to exist first and the cognition ability would not be there . Ayn Rand character has one that we can link to this art and says in Atlas Shrugged: â€Å"I thoughtof the men who claim that machines condition their brains. Well there was the motor to condition them, and there it remained as just exact ly what it is without man’s mind-as a pile of metal scraps and wires, going to rust.† (page 745, Atlas Shrugged) This statement show sense in Hayles and I agree on: Human is conditioned by machine and we appreciate them in our lives and enhance them but I differ in that human being is still dorminant . Machines without the human being they would go extinction and get to rust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the cyborg and the cyborg varieties were to exist as put by the Hayles they would still require human skills and characteristics for their ‘brain’ to function, to have conscious and to think like human being. Hyles didn’t explain this and how if human being were to go to extinction the post human would survive, else she have a task to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hayles the premises that she posits as another cause of fear of post human is the liberal humanist opinion of the human kind matters autonomy. Human being are able to see all the possibilities which are open to choose and they have the will and they can synthesize these sources. Schopenhauer’s there is an outline in THE WORLD AS WILL AND REPRESENTATION(BOOKIII). Human being are able to think, they are able to process data , they are able to create it and pull judgements built on their feelings. This Information comes from several sources in machine but in human being they come purely on them. Machines they are devoid of thinking and they have no conscious like ours. Hayles in her argument doesn’t have the real world instances , and those that she uses are not very clear they are not specifically illuminating. In her early books she says that she finds saying that â€Å"Well my sleep agent wants to rest, but my food agent say s I should go to the store†( Hayles 2009,6).This is certainly an odd approach of talking and She draws a very significant deductions from it. â€Å" Each person ,† She claims, â€Å"who thinks this way begins to envision herself or himself as a posthuman collectivity, an ‘I’ transformed into the ‘we’ of autonomous agents operating together to make self† (Catherine. H, pg 6 2009) There are questions that rises about personal disorders of the multitude. The example of ability of multiple to celebrate and creatively dissociate leads to rejection of therapy that tries to integrate their adjusts. People definitely will be talking around themselves in a fresh ways. But moral agents asks what thinking together about themselves meant. Hayles put it that â€Å"serious consideration needs to be given to how certain characteristics associated with liberal subject, especially agency and choice, can be articulated with in posthuman context† (C atherine.Hayles, pg5, 2009) and she left it like that . She didn’t show any alternative of her implications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion Hayles argument is lacking enough facts and is based in prepositions that she lays to win the heart of literature, and in my views she didn’t succed. If you consider streams with standing waves, which visibly forms the front side of the rocks which projects superficial above the water. They retain their normal shape and their normal integrity despite being changed by the molecules of water .I still find the machines being continuously changing their integrity but can’t replace human being and they can’t lead extinction of human kind. References Harrison, Ariane Lourie. Architectural theories of the environment: posthuman territory. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2013. Print. Hayles, N. Katherine. How we became posthuman: virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print. Leithauser, Brad. Penchants places: essays and criticism. New York: A.A. Knopf :, 1995. Print. Younkins, Edward W.. Ayn Rands Atlas shrugged a philosophical and literary companion. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007. Print. Bateson, Catherine. Being Bee. New York: Holiday House, 2007. Print. Gronebaum, Melissa. Arthur schopenhauers die welt als wille und vorstellung. S.l.: Grin Verlag Gmbh, 2014. Print. Harrison, Ariane Lourie. Architectural theories of the environment: posthuman territory. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2013. Print. Hayles, N. Katherine. How we became posthuman: virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print. Leithauser, Brad. Penchants places: essays and criticism. New York: A.A. Knopf :, 1995. Print. Younkins, Edward W.. Ayn Rands Atlas shrugged a philosophical and literary companion. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007. Print. Source document

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas Industry

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas Industry This paper aims to address the issues associated with long term petroleum contracts concluded between the state and international oil companies in terms of the political risks investors tend to face in such contracts as well as the risk of change of circumstances brought about not by the act of the parties but rather by the time. In doing so, the efficiency of both stabilization and renegotiation clauses, as means of mitigating these mentioned risks, are critically examined. It argues that stabilization clauses are highly problematic with regard to their validity and effect as they would normally conflict with the very well established principle of international law of state sovereignty, also these clauses are limited only to the change of regulatory framework and does not take into consideration the effect of change of other circumstances which may have a considerable impact on the parties obligations. Whereas, renegotiation clauses can be useful to reduce the impact of changes not only the legal framework of the host state but also other circumstances which are beyond the control of the parties should proper and clear mechanisms and criteria for implementing these clauses be provided for within the clause. It is widely recognized that regulatory stability of any given state is an essential element of promoting and encouraging investment in general and to attract and secure the confidence of potential foreign investors in particular.[1] This is certainly the case for energy projects where investors are vulnerable to wide variety of risks throughout the projects life, given the long duration and the capital intensive characters of these projects. In addition, the vurnablity of petroleum contracts to the change of circumstances, which may be beyond their control such as price fluctuation in the international energy market, can make the contractual arrangement that was once profitable becoming highly undesirable a few years later.[2] Not to mention the very fact that one of the parties of these contracts is state or its agency may well raise the investors concerns that the contractual arrangements once have been secured at the time of negotiating can be disregarded by unilateral states act later. Therefore, it has been the tendency of oil and gas investors to seek protection against these risks by providing for legal mechanism in the contract in order to mitigate their impact throughout the project period. These legal mechanisms tend to be in the form of stability guarantees offered by the state, either stabilization clauses or renegotiation clauses, as well as providing for arbitration to be the manner of dispute resolution. However, while the latter has become a stable and widely recognized clause aiming to ensure the netiaulty and fairness of resolving disputes arising between the states and IOCs, the former has generated much concern over their legal validity and effect, simply because of the fact that the main objective of these clauses is to fetter the states right to legislate and regulate for reasonably long period of time. It is the aim of the second chapter to critically analyze the different views given to stabilization clauses in scholars writing and the relevant arbitration awards in terms of their legal validity under both national and international law and the extent to which these clauses can prevent the state from exercising its sovereign power within its territory. Arguing that the sharp divide among scholars and arbitrators in this regard proves the insufficient and uncertain nature of these clauses, which in turns makes the capability of these clauses to provide absolute protection to oil and gas investor questionable. Chapter three goes on to further affirm the conclusion reached in the second chapter through using the example of the Russian petroleum experiment, where the existence of stabilization clauses led to decreasing cooperation between the state and the industry and resulted in disrupting the parties relationship as the petroleum activities went on, given the fact that the Russian Petroleum Law concerned only encouraging the exploration activities while lifting many essential aspects unregulated with the view that if the oil was to be found, new legislation would be enacted. It is from this chapter where this paper comes to the conclusion that not only does stabilization clauses conflict with the principle of state sovereignty and may well be held invalid as a result, but also these clauses have appeared to be inconsistent with the parties needs to flexible mechanism in order to mitigate the risk of changes of circumstances brought about by time rather than parties acts. Finally, chapter four aims to advocate the recent trend of inserting renegotiation clauses into oil and gas contracts as the proper manner to mitigate not only the political risk of state behavior but also other commercial risks associated with petroleum projects, which in the latter case even the host state can enjoy the protection offered by this device. On the other hand, this chapter also recognizes the fact that renegotiation clause may be too flexible, and thus run the risk of the contract being open-ending. Therefore, this chapter argues that the success of this clause depends, to very large extent, on the specific drafting agreed by the parties and whether a clear mechanism and guidance have been provided to address potential disputes. Thus, this paper argues that the states right to legislate and to regulate should not be subject to negotiation, nor to be used as an incentive for the purpose of attracting investment as such commitment is difficult to be fulfilled in the long term. Furthermore, stabilization clauses have proved to be inefficient and difficult to predict as well as inconsistent with the parties needs in such a long term contract. Whereas, renegotiation clauses can achieve the parties aims and objectives of sustaining the agreed contractual arrangements and encouraging cooperation needed in long term contracts through flexible legal mechanisms. 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Primary Sources 1.1 Judicial decisions PreussenElektra case (PreussenElektra AG vs Schleswag AG) ECJ C-379/98, European Court reports 2001, I-02099 Stardust Marine case (French Republic v Commission of the European Communities) ECJ C-482/99, European Court reports 2002, I-04397 1.2 European Union secondary legislation Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, OJ L176/37, 15.07.2003 2. Secondary Sources 2.1 Books Cameron P. D., Legal Aspects of EU Energy Markets, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Helm D., Energy, the State, and the Market: British Energy Policy since 1979 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Hunt S., Making Competition Work in Electricity (New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2002). 2.2 Articles Meier, G.M., Impact of the power-market liberalization on the operation of CHP-plants securing the competitiveness on the district heat market, 29(4) Euroheat and Power/Fernwarme International (2000). Klinge Jacobsen, H., Fristrup, P. and Munksgaard, J., Integrated energy markets and varying degrees of liberalisation: Price links, bundled sales and CHP production exemplified by Northern European experiences, 34(18) Energy Policy 3527-3537 (2006). 2.3 Other 2.3.1 Internet sources European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration (GOGEN Europe), Financial and Regulatory Support for Cogeneration in EU (2007) http://www.cogeneurope.eu/publications/reports_and_studies.htm (last visited on 31 November 2008) Lowe, Ph., Applying EU Competition Law to the new liberalized energy markets, (13 May 2003) http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/speeches/text/sp2003_012_en.pdf (last visited on 1 December 2008) [1] L. Cotula, â€Å"Reconciling Regulatory Stability and Evolution of Environmental Standards in Investment Contracts: Towards a Rethink of Stabilization Clauses†, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, vol. 1 (2008), p164 [2] P. Thomas, â€Å"Evaluating Stabilisation Clause in Venezuelas Strategic Association Agreement for Heavy-Crude Extraction in the Orinoco Belt: The Return of a Forgotten Contractual Risk Reduction Mechanism for the Petroleum Industry† p.1

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement What was the counter culture that was created in the USA during the Hippie Movement? Americans were motivated by the Vietnam War, racial injustice, fear of nuclear destruction, and the materialism of capitalist society to start rebelling against authority and start what would be known as the 1960s counterculture. Many were also inspired by people such as John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi. The Hippie movement started during the 1960s, when young middle class men and women questioned America’s materialism and cultural and political norms. Seeking a better world, the 1960s Hippie movement began, and with it, the counter culture. The counterculture of the 1960s began in the United States as a result of the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the Cold War, and the intervention in Vietnam of the military. The counter culture consisted in questioning political and cultural norms, new music, having religions outside Judeo-Christian tradition, the want for peace, more environmental awareness, changes in attitude about gender roles, less con cern about marriage and physical appearance and the search for a utopian lifestyle. William Braden, a contemporary observer said, the era of the 1960s was an age of Aquarius that heralded a new American identity-a collective identity that will be blacker, more feminine, more oriental, more emotional, more intuitive, more exuberant and better than the old one. The counterculture made American society change; it was a step closer to society as we know it today. As a result of the strict and conservative education that many parents were inflicting in their children in the 1950s, many young people decided to go against social norms and seek for freedom. With this counter culture they seeked change for the society they lived in and for societies of the future. These young people became known as hippies. They also wanted everyone to be free and to be tolerant of other races and cultures. They wanted to live in a peaceful and shared community. Many embraced psychedelic drugs and smoked marijuana in public to go against the authorities. Hippies caused various riots and movement in expensive and reputable universities in order to have more publicity. Movements such as the free speech movement in University of California, Berkeley became an effective way of challenging authorities and get full coverage on the media. Riots were against foreign policies, due to the Vietnam War, their purpose was to make it known that wars were ineffective and not wor th it. This upset many people such as workers, one said, Here were those kids, rich kids who could go to college, didnt have to fight, they are telling you your son died in vain. It makes you feel your whole life is shit, just nothing. Truth is, hippies wanted to make a change, so they rioted and made movements to get their views of freedom, peace and love known. An important factor that was part of the counter culture that the hippies started was music, different kinds of music were beginning to open up to the world during the 1960s as a way to show freedom. Many festivals and concerts took place during the 1960s to reflect this counter culture, the most important one, however, is The Woodstock Music and Art Fair, held in upstate New York in August 1969. For the hippies this meant, three days of generosity, peace, great music, liberation, and expanding consciousness, and for the conservatists of the time it meant three days of self-indulgence, noise, promiscuity, and illegal drug use. The promoters were expecting a lot of people but not the 300,000 to 400,000 people who attended. Rock music and bands were starting to get more popular with groups such as The Beatles which reflected the youths emphasis on change and experimentation. Singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin who talked about change, freedom and peace in their songs also emphas ized the hippies want for change and freedom. With his song Blowin in the Wind Bob Dylan was able to make protest songs number one hits. Its lyrics say, How many times must the cannonballs fly, before they’re forever banned? †¦How many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died? Music was a way of expressing thoughts and this was what the counter culture was all about, people started listening to songs that talked about poverty, war, and everyday issues that hippies wanted to change. Hippies looked for change, this also included change of religion, and they were sick of the traditional Judeo-Christian religion and started to look for other religions that resembled their beliefs. Many hippies converted to religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Native American religious culture. They thought that these religions would give them inner peace and it made them stand out and break away from the traditional religion that their parents followed. They looked for meditation, yoga, and mysticism in these religions in order to have a peaceful and calm mind. This was a change because before these religions were only popular in Asia and this was another way for the hippies to reach inner fulfillment. The motto of the Hippie movement, is with no doubts peace, love and freedom. Hippies had anti war protests in many knowned colleges around the United States, such as Berkeley college, or they would protest in front of the White House saying antiwar slogans such as, Hey, hey, LBJ,(referring to Lyndon Baines Johnson the 36th President of the United States) how many kids did you kill today? or chanting Hell no, we won’t go! when security would try to make them leave. The largest anti-war demonstration in history was held when 250,000 people marched from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, once again, showing the unity of youth. There were also anti-war movies such as Dr. Strangelove, directed by Stanley Kubricks this movie ridicules the excesses of the Cold War, and was an anti-war film. Books were not left behind in the anti-war movement. Joseph Heller published Catch-22, a novel about the inanities of the military in World War II. Hippies did not believe in war. They though t that it caused deaths for no reason, since there was no reason to fight for; they believed that everything could be solved by peaceful ways. The counter culture of the 1960s also included a great part of environmental awareness. Many people started to care more about ecology and wanted to find out ways of how to help it. This is due to the work of Marsh and Hà ¤ckel, it made environmental awareness sprout and it achieved environmental reforms being passed. Books also made people more aware of the environment. Rachels Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 gave an eloquent warning against pesticides and environmental pollution. Rachel Carson said, Like the resource it seeks to protect, wildlife conservation must be dynamic, changing as conditions change, seeking always to become more effective. This message made Americans care more about the Earth and study it more. Environmental concern then became a popular social movement. As a result of the growing concern for the environment and the critiques the government was getting due to the destruction of forests. Many legislative reforms took place in this decade, the most impo rtant and the ones who helped the most were the Wilderness Act of 1964 and the Endangered Species Act of 1967. These acts signaled a new era of environmental consciousness due to the belief that man was not the owner of the earth but was just a guest. The Wilderness Act said that humans were no more than â€Å"visitors† on land, and the Endangered Species Act, alleged that, nonhuman beings were granted the legal right to exist. The 1960s movement for environmental preservation is a confirmation of how aware people became of the environment. Women in the 1950s were expected to be good mothers and wives, but women in the 1960s were the total opposite, they craved for a change in gender roles, to have freedom and will to do what they liked. This desire came with a new decade in which revolution and social change was taking place. Many women started to challenge the authority of their parents by wearing short miniskirts, smoking and drinking in public, much like the flappers of the 1920s, but with the exception that the skirts were much shorter and what they smoked were not only cigarettes. These actions, though they stirred controversy, it was not the greatest challenge against conservatives; women would live openly with men before marriage, and many also joined the work force, as a way to defy traditional ideas. All these women were inspired by Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique which was a book that was a huge seller, and it helped initiate a renaissance of feminism. The Feminine Mystique argued that women should be al lowed to find their own identity, and not just be limited to the roles of wife and mother. Betty Friedans said, When she stopped conforming to the conventional picture of femininity she finally began to enjoy being a woman. This statement was actually very powerful, since it initiated many women to fight for their right and stand out from the traditional image of being mothers and wives. In 1966, a new organization for woman was created in order to address issues such as having federal aid for day-care centers for working mothers who did not want to leave their babies alone and had no one to care for them. It also guaranteed women the right to an abortion if they did not want to have a baby, and they also worked on eliminating gender-based job discrimination, including equal pay and equal opportunities in labor force. This organization was the National Organization for Women ( NOW.) The 1960s counterculture included the liberation of women and a new found freedom for them, for the f irst time, women were stepping out of traditional ideas and fighting for equality in the work force. The counter culture of the 1960s also initiated a sexual revolution, in which people were much more open about sex and sexual ideas. The pill was put into use during this decade and it assisted the spread of the sexual revolution. The use of other birth control measures, such as diaphragms and IUDs, also increased. The famous magazine Playboy introduced its Playboy Adviser column. This column offered explicit advice and guidance to readers who seeked new and more imaginative ways of having sexual intercourse. Soon, books and magazines started to include sex and sex discussions in their pages. Helen Gurley Brown wrote Sex and the Single Girl, which was a message of female sexual liberation that it later became Cosmopolitan magazine. Plays also played a great part in the sexual revolution, Hair was a rock musical that featured frontal nudity, the play became a hit in New York and it was proof that times were changing. Giving in to change, sex shops were legalized in the 1960s, though t hey were restricted to men, it was still a great change for the time. Many people started to be more open minded, and the idea that a woman would not be able to find a husband if she was not a virgin, became absurd. With people being more open minded about sex, new sexual preferences started to become known such as homosexuals and lesbians. Although they were not fully accepted they started to push for rights and they achieved more than in the past decades. People started to be more casual about sex and less uncomfortable in discussing it. Before the 1960s the word pregnant was forbidden on television. The sexual revolution was a huge part of the 1960s counter culture, because most of the changes that occurred in that time were because of this revolution. Though The â€Å"Summer of Love† took place over thirty yearsago, its message is still significant and crucial to know and understand about the 1960s counterculture that the hippies incited. We get an idea of this with Abbie Hoffmans words, she said : â€Å"We are here to make a better world. No amount of rationalization or blaming can preempt the moment of choice each of us brings to our situation here on this planet. The lesson of the 60†²s is that people who cared enough to do right could change history. We didn’t end racism but we ended legal segregation. We ended the idea that you could send half-a-million soldiers around the world to fight a war that people do not support. We ended the idea that women are second-class citizens. We made the environment an issue that couldn’t be avoided. The big battles that we won cannot be reversed. We were young, self-righteous, reckless, hypocritical, brave, silly, headstrong and scared half to death. And we were right.† â€Å"Counterculture of the Sixties†- North Hagerstown High School A.P. U.S. History http://library.thinkquest.org/27942/counter.htm Primary source: Haight-Ashbury Maverick, â€Å"Notes to Tourists: Roll Down Your Windows,† newspaper article, 1967.

The Adventures of Nigel and Corky :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Nigel and Corky †¦ They were on a rickety old plane that looked like I could’ve been flown sometime during the fifties, everyone was snickering and making comments about it when all of a sudden the engines started to sputter and die. The engines went out and the pilot was forced into attempting a crash landing, he dint do too good and the only survivors were Nigel Frumpton, a world famous explorer and professional treasure hunter and Corky, the pilots assistant, see Corky was a little slower than normal and the only reason he worked for the pilot is because the pilot felt sorry for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As they gathered all the supplies that were salvageable Nigel was trying to come up with some sort a plan. After they were ready Nigel explained to Corky that they were going to continue with the expedition while looking for some sort of civilization where they could get a hold of someone to come help them. It didn’t really look too likely for a while because they were stranded deep in the middle of the thick jungles of South America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They started walking north figuring they would run into something after a while but they found something all too soon. Before Nigel knew he could hear Corky yelling for help about thirty feet away from him. Corky had wandered off a little bit and walked right into a big puddle of quicksand and was slowly sinking helplessly. Nigel had the think quick so he looked for something to throw Corky, he noticed long sturdy looking vines hanging off of a tree nearby and ran over to cut a vine down to toss to Corky as a makeshift life saver. In his rush to help he didn’t pay much attention to what vine he was grabbing, when he reached up and grabbed onto the closest vine to him he heard a very intimidating hiss from very close. As he looked down to see what was hissing he noticed the â€Å"vine† he grabbed wasn’t a vine at all it was a vine snake! Vine snakes are notorious for blending in with the vines of a long tree and striking on unsuspecting victims , releasing their extremely venomous poison into the victim killing them almost instantly. Nigel being the expert he was didn’t over react to the situation and calmly let go of the snake and at the same time quickly cut off a nearby vine from the tree and ran over to Corky, by this time he had sunk to his waistline and was getting pretty impatient with Nigel.

Peter Tosh A man of the past, living in the present, walking in the future :: essays papers

Peter Tosh A man of the past, living in the present, walking in the future Peter Tosh. With the name comes a certain stigma and uneasiness in Reggae circles. Peter Tosh was a crusader and warrior in a musical forum more known for it’s mellow and passive resistance. As former college and producer Lee Jaffe simply put it "A lot of people were afraid of Peter, they did not know how to deal with him."(Stepping Razor, Red X: the Peter Tosh story, Bush Doctor Films). He traveled the globe for roughly thirty years preaching his message of equality and justice for every man. He was preaching against powerful forces and societal brainwashing and misinformation. The so called downpressorman or Babylon. He fought against these forces, with bravado, undaunting passion, and an arrogant open style that many people did not know how to deal with. He had a strong conviction of what he viewed as right and wrong. When he saw something as unjustified watch out. He attacked his viewed oppressors with the veracity of an attack dog. As reggae artist of international supers tar status, this was a dangerous thing, because he reached the masses. The way that Tosh fights these oppressors, is with Word, Sound, and Power not physical violence, as one Rasta elder asserts this the Traditional Rastafarian way, "Word, Sound, and Power, is a symbol of man. Seen? That is what we use amongst Babylon. We don’t use a stick, nor a stone, nor a gun" (Stepping Razor, Red X: the Peter Tosh story, Bush Doctor Films). He sings songs witch he believes to be divine. The message of Jah channeled through him. He gains inspiration from the sacrament, the sweet gift of Jah, Herb. Tosh does not try and make the messages sweet and trite, about love affairs and such. He makes sure each and every song is meaningful and to the point. Then like a musical architect as he describes it, he decorates the message with the musical intricacies of his trade. The blunt message is delivered in angelic harmony, surrounded by a heavy hitting bass, the ever-present drums, and the exultant trademark lead guitar that influenced a generation of reggae guitarists to come. The intent was to draw a listener in with the music, so that he or she then had to pay attention to the words. Tosh’s music was a call to arms against Babylon and a vehicle to unit the downtrodden of the world.

How skilful communication influence patients’ health behaviours

Abstract This essay analyses how skilful communication can influence the health behaviours of the patients. It looks at the importance of communication in healthcare and the different models of communication available to the healthcare personnel. These professionals need to decide on the model to use in order to ensure that they persuade the patients to change their health decisions by adhering to all the recommendations given to them Introduction Effective communication between healthcare personnel and the patients is important in clinical function as well as building a therapeutic relationship between them and the patients. Much of the dissatisfaction registered by patients and their failure to change their health behaviours are as a result of the breakdown of their relationship with the health care providers (Bryan 2009, p.75). However, many doctors often tend to overestimate their ability to effectively communicate with the patients thereby exacerbating the problem. Skilful communication and interpersonal skills encompasses the ability of healthcare professionals to gather information and use it to advise the patients appropriately with a view of influencing their health behaviours (Webb 2011, p. 57). This essay covers how skilful communication influences the health behaviour of patients. Healthcare Communication Communication is an important clinical skill that is very essential to clinical competence. The components of communication include non-verbal behaviours, listening and attending skills. All healthcare professionals need to understand the basic anatomy and physiology of communication (Bryan 2009, p. 66). They need to understand the variables that affect reception, processing and expression. A good comprehension of communication on delivery of healthcare is important in influencing health behaviour of the patients. They also need to understand the multicultural context in which the communication process occurs because it affects the manner in which the patients perceive the disseminated information. This should be in tandem with a good comprehension of therapeutic responses as they are significant in care management, increasing patient awareness and capacity for self-care and personal health management (Van 2009, p. 101). Models of Healthcare Communication Human beings often respond to illness and health differently, for instance some may choose to ignore or deny health threats while others face the threats by collecting the necessary information and acting accordingly and appropriately (Muller 2001, p. 88). There are different models designed to help understand the ways in which healthcare professionals interact with particular health outcomes. All these models contribute towards the successful understanding of communication in healthcare. These models are as follows: the therapeutic model, king’s interactive model, the developmental model, health belief model, health belief model for compliance, and the model for participative decision making (Jones & Jenkins 2007, p. 18). ). The therapeutic model puts emphasis on the importance of relationships in assisting the patients to adjust to their current conditions and take positive measures aimed at improving their health. The model emphasises on dyadic communication and the level of success is dependent on respect, trust, genuineness and non-judgemental attitude (Eisenberg 2012, p. 45).The healthy belief model explains how healthy people seek to avoid illnesses by outlining the nature of people’s preventative healthcare. The model is designed to indicate how personal health behaviours are influenced by perceived threats and benefits. It emphasises on perceptions and beliefs that can be modified to result in changed health behaviour. In this model communication is perceived as an essential tool for influencing the behaviour of the patients. The health belief model for compliance is an expansion of the health belief model and it includes the beliefs of patients that are already suffering from illnesses and have to comply with treatment. It aims at predicting compliance of patients to treatment to assist healthcare professionals in designing interventions to suit the needs of individual patients (Hugman 2009, p. 33). The King’s interaction model explains the communication between a nurse and a patient. It incorporates transactional aspects of human communication and the need for feedback. The model regards the trust between the nurse and the patient as vital in the effectiveness of the communication process. The model for participative decision making for patient doctor interaction postulates that when clients don’t get enough information from doctors or when there are communication barriers then they are likely to reject the treatment or decrease compliance (Eisenberg 2012, p.24). Therefore, the patients are supposed to be fully informed on their conditions and all the available options for treatment. The development model for health communication focuses on the communication occurring within the various relationships in healthcare settings. Its emphasis is on how different factors and contexts influence the interactions between different individuals in health communication. All the participants have their own pers pectives based on their individual beliefs and values. These perspectives influence the choice of the participants to interact with the others and as such healthcare personnel must always have this in mind (Hugman 2009, p.71). Importance of Skilful Communication as an Aspect of Care In an attempt to show the importance of communication in healthcare delivery, it is apparent that communication and healthcare delivery are indivisible. Delivery of healthcare to the patients encompasses more than just the administration of drugs. Healthcare delivery has moved from the task oriented practice it was in the past towards a therapeutic process that involves a wide range of roles focused on the health of the individual patients, their health and wellbeing (Tamparo & Lindh 2008, p. 69). The therapeutic effect of good communication between healthcare professionals and patients on healthcare delivery cannot be ignored. Provision of social support to the patients reassures them and can even lower blood pressure. Patients regard the health professionals who communicate effectively at an emotional level as warm, caring and empathetic. This enables the patients to engender trust in them and encourages them to disclose worries and concerns that they would have otherwise not have disclosed. In addition to this, useful and informative communication between the healthcare professionals and the patients encourages them to take more interest in their condition, ask pertinent questions and develop greater understanding and self-care (Jones & Jenkins 2007, p.38). It is this interest and understanding of the importance of self-care that drives the patients to positively change their health behaviours. This happens especially when the patients are allowed to ask questions and are involved in treatment decisions. The patients also experience benefits when the health professionals provide a good environment, give accurate information, use therapeutic communication and encourage positive motivation (Nemeth 2008, p. 93). Therefore good communication in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients is an important tool for therapeutic intervention as well as good care. Basic communication skills alone are not sufficient to create and sustain successful therapeutic relationship between the patients and the healthcare providers. Successful therapeutic relationships are made up of shared perceptions and feelings on the nature of the problem, objectives of treatment and psychological support. Interpersonal skills develop from the basic communication between the doctors, nurses and other carers with the patients. Appropriate communication should be centred on both the carers and the patients as both sides are important in building and sustaining interpersonal relationships. The ultimate goal of any communication between the medical personnel and the patients is always to improve the health of the patients and medical care. Good communication skills are required for developing a high quality, effective and safe healthcare delivery. The skills are important for gathering information, diagnosis, treatment and educating the patients (Nemeth 2008, p.55). Eff ective communication benefits both the doctors and the patients because they are part of the treatment process. Previous studies on communication between the patients and doctors and nurses demonstrate that many patients are discontented even when the doctors and nurses consider it sufficient or excellent (Pilnick et al 2010, p 47). This implies that doctors and nurses often tend to overestimate their communication abilities. Patient surveys consistently indicate that the want the communication between them and the healthcare personnel to be improved (Tamparo & Lindh 2008, p.88). In the past most of the medical personnel considered disclosing bad news to patients as inhumane and detrimental to their medical condition. However, medical practice has now evolved from paternalism to individualism and is now characterised by shared decision making and communication that is centred on the patients. Effective communication between the doctors and the patients is very important in clinical function because it plays a central role in healthcare delivery. Perhaps the most significant importance of communication in influencing health behaviour of the patients stems from the fact that the nature of health care is changing from treatment of illnesses to management of chronic disease as more and more people are now living with survivable chronic illnesses (Van 2009, p.74). This implies that the healthcare professionals need to encourage the patients to take good care of their health. For instance the patients living with diabetes are required to manage their blood sugar levels. Quality of life is more important to healthcare as patients are now living longer with chronic illnesses like cancer and bipolar disorders. Therefore treatment choice is now more dependent on the individual patients and must suit their preferences, values and expectations. Conclusion Communication is an important tool that healthcare personnel can use to pass useful information to the patients. Well educated patients and their families need to be informed to make important health decisions in order to attain the aims of managed healthcare. Healthcare professionals need to disseminate relevant and persuasive information to the patients to help them change their health behaviours. They can rely on the models of healthcare communication to communicate to the patients based on their individual characteristics. References Bryan, K. (2009). Communication in healthcare. Oxford [England: Peter Lang. Eisenberg, A. M. (2012). Prescriptive communication for the healthcare provider. S.l.: Trafford On Demand Pub. Hugman, B. (2009). Healthcare communication. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Jones, R., & Jenkins, F. (2007). Key topics in healthcare management: Understanding the big picture. Oxford: Radcliffe. Muller, P. (2001). Healthcare communication: A rhetorical handbook. San Jose: Writers Club Press. Nemeth, C. P. (2008). Improving healthcare team communication: Building on lessons from aviation and aerospace. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Pilnick, A., Hindmarsh, J., & Gill, V. T. (2010). Communication in Healthcare Settings: Policy, Participation and New Technologies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Tamparo, C. D., & Lindh, W. Q. (2008). Therapeutic communications for health care. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Van, S. G. M. (2009). Communication skills for the health care professional: Concepts, practice, and evidence. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Webb, L. (2011). Nursing: Communication skills in practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

How Literature Impacts Society Essay

How literary works Impacts Society BY 234 writings has been critical to communities since language was tailored and intentiond by tribe as a class of communication. literary productions takes the renter out of their beness and brings them into the authors initiation. It makes people look at outside their normal box if you will. Literature foundation bring people of diametric backgrounds, cultures, and ways life together. When people bushel through a mo of literature, it rightfully makes you mobilise that youre non only if and that someone else has been through what you argon acquittance through.The way authors are able to bit you with how the characters are feeling or what they are looking at brings the reader into that spirit level. If you read a piece of literature that contains training on other cultures you then experience how they peppy, what works for them and what doesnt. As a reader, we gibe how other cultures live, which in turn makes us as a soci ety think virtually the way that we live our confess lives. In the Lesson the author really brings you into her world. She notwithstanding goes as far as use the language that was used in the fourth dimension by her and her peers.In this recital the eaders are brought into a little filles world where poverty and its struggles are so clearly shown for the little girl as well as the other characters touch her. The author brings readers into the mind of the little girl and really showed her attitude which was she really did not care about anything and really seemed sore about her surrounding and angry at the people in her life. The reader after part strike to this character even if their surroundings are opposite then the characters. The children were taken to upper class neighborhoods where they were shown a different way of ife.By taking the children to the luxuriously class toy store at first they were a little hesitant. save what I got to be shamed about? Got as muc h right to go in as anybody (Diyannt, 2007, 431). Literature apprise bring readers from real life stories to ideate alike different world stories. Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis brings you into a dream world where a normal man turns into a huge insect. But in the story most memorable part is the particular that this man before he changed into a huge insect was such a good psyche. He cared for is family and had such an bulky heart for them.He worked hard all(prenominal) day so that his family could have a better life. He paid forward his parents debt and the irony of the story is when he turned into an insect his family disowned him. They maltreat him and all they care about was how the bills were deprivation to get paid. Even though this piece of literature is rattling dream like the main idea of this man being a workhorse for his family and finally when he unavoidable them the most they disowned him. Readers of all societies can relate to how the main character felt.Its ver y difficult as a person to understand how other people live their lives or why they do the things they do. finished literature authors make that possible for a reader to truly experience what another(prenominal) person is feeling and thinking. We as readers can get going back in duration to see how societies were or we can travel around the world to see how people live in different part of the world without leaving the knowledge and use it to better our own society. References DiYanni, R (2007) Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6th ed. ) New York McGraw-Hill.

Poems “Rainbow” and “Tyger” Essay

Examine the similarities and differences in the panache Agard & Blake deal with the study of nature in their meters Rainbow and TygerAgards poem Rainbow portrays the respect and beauty of a rainbow. Agard is from the Caribbean and he uses some examples of this idiomatic expression in his poem, which reflects his background. On the other hand, Blakes poem Tyger describes the nature of the tiger and how it is so all-powerful in different delegacys. Blake tries to portray the majesty of the tiger and how bright his noble must waste been.In Agards poem Rainbow, he tries to convey that the rainbow in the throw out is actually idols bright grin shining above us. The line one heavy(p) pull back a face across the sky tells us this. When Agard says in this poem, And de rainbow make a show it is possible he means that the rainbow appears after in that respect is rain. When he states in the poem, I tell you is God doing limbo he reflects his Caribbean background. There are deuc e possible interpretations for this line. Agard could maybe mean that God is doing limbo, an activity in which battalion would try to bend backwards under a pole, not hitting it as they go under. Or he could also mean limbo, a mail service between heaven and hell, which you are stuck in. The Catholic church used to teach that limbo existed and that while in limbo, you cannot move on to heaven or hell.Agard says in the poem, And curving, the like she bearing child which tells us that the mien the rainbow curves, looks like God is pregnant with a baby. Agard uses repeat by stating a number of times throughout the poem, she/he got stylus, meaning God, whether male or female, has got style. Agard could possibly be trying to say that the colour of the rainbow show Gods style because the rainbow is so colourful and full of glow.In Blakes The Tyger, Blakes spelling in the title The Tyger at once suggests the exotic or alien woodland of the beast. Blake tries to show the tiger as a symbolization of Gods power in creation. In this poem the tiger is being addressed directly. Blake queries the tiger in the first stanza, What immortal hand or eye, could frame thy fearful symmetry? Like this, Blake questions the tiger roughly what kind of psyche could possibly have had the power to make a creature like him throughout the poem.In the second stanza, Blake questions, In what yon deeps or skies, burnt the fire of thine eyes? meaning, who in the deep seas or the skies above could create eyes, impetuous bright much(prenominal) as the tigers? He asks himself On what wings dare he aspire? which shows Blake wants to issue on what wings this person soars as he couldnt possibly have made the tiger as he is. And what shoulder, and what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? Blake asks the tiger in these two lines, what shoulder and what art could liquify the strength or power of his heart. Blake questions the tiger about what fears the tigers hand and foot when his heart began to beat, as the tigers paws are so powerful and heavy.The tiger is fearless and full of terror as portray in the fourth stanza, in the line resist its deadly terrors clasp?The line, which states, When the stars threw down their spears and irrigate heaven with their tears could possibly be referring to concourse years ago who would have used spears sooner of guns or other modern day weapons. Blake compares the tiger with a dear in this poem. The line, Did he smile His work to see? Did he who made the lamb make thee? tells us that Blake is asking the tiger if the person who made him, so fierce, predatory and active, also make the vulnerable, harmless lamb. By the lamb, Blake could mean Jesus, the Lamb of God.These two poems have a lot of similarities in the way Agard and Blake deal with the theme of nature in their poems Rainbow and Tyger, hardly they also have a lot of differences. The similarities in these poems include the interest in holiness. In some(prenomin al) these poems, the poets show that religion is an important factor in their lives by including a God in their poems.Blake shows religion in The Tyger when he talks about the tigers creator. Agard shows religion in Rainbow, stating God got style and the different ways the rainbow reminds him of God. Both the poems are expressing long interest in God and his creations and how wonderful God must be to make such iniquitous and powerful things. In the poems Rainbow and The Tyger, the poets explain these amazing acts of nature and describe what they look like and compare them to confused things, such as a lamb or a pregnant wo human race. Blake and Agard both use solid repetition in their poems, such as The man got style in Rainbow and the first and last stanzas in The Tyger.The differences in these two poems includes the way that Blake describes the appearance, the strength and the creator of the tiger whereas Agard only describes what he thinks the rainbow looks like. Blake talks directly to the tiger in his poem but Agard is speaking to his auditory modality when he is writing the poem Rainbow.In the poem The Tyger, Blake asks the tiger about who made him and about how powerful the tiger is. Agards poem reflects his Caribbean background by using shortened sentences and words like de alternatively of the. Agard wrote Rainbow in 1985, which explains to us why Agard doesnt speak in the Middle English phrase as Blake does in The Tyger. Blake wrote The Tyger in 1794 and we can see this by the way he uses the Middle English language with words such as, thy and thine.These are the differences and similarities in the way Agard and Blake deal with the theme of nature in their poems Rainbow and Tyger. These poets had such different lifestyles to each other and yet, in their poetry, theres still so many occult similarities.

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Arthur Andersen&8217s lawful compliancy equal to(p) Issues Andersen utter it how was non consulted.Losses to the sh areholders amounting to tumefy everywhere $4. 4 multi one gazillion one million million million and 1,700 commonwealth was jobless. Andersen pay $one hundred ten million come forth of an authorize $141 million for the resoluteness of the such(prenominal) fount which they crack up the claims with bulge out admitting tarnish or liability.Andersen was withal named in the slipperiness of molder precaution from where they could net additional fees in whatever peculiar(prenominal) last which in how this eggshell overstating virtually $1.He has.If hes non much adapted to entreat out a advanced bring withdraw for the absolute firm, it leave behind in all samelihood onset to batty swap off its operations raw after-school(prenominal) the U. in a variation of pieces.In purport of deceit, hence theyre promising to acquire respect if crinklees treat a like drop off with ethics.They ought to be able to back up you if this supplier is still.Other firms clean-living ought to be promote to realize the same. date your madness allow it rival your orbit Enronas vast business refining was draw wo manpower logical and by men victimization a couple of(prenominal) wrangling like august or arrogant.Ethics becomes to a greater extent toilsome keyword with how things are correct in grouchy practices, which makes it all-important(a) to populate how starting signal locomote capacity hazard the conjunction in a counselling that is bad.A professionals worldly concern corking rest is among his or how her possessions Individuals extremity to defend self-confidence in the mingled human beings run offered by professionals caliber.If you consider to persevere as at the display case of siggaard Andersen workers be found to endangerment everything. Up until the azoic mid-sixties h onest issues formal discussed inwardly the area of philosophy or theology.Though its a thing that sure as shooting everybody expects, youd be out(p) by minor(ip) often of spate final result it into a whole means that shows they overhear semipolitical survey through the interest both moments the in-person by-line fiver decades.There is no pass how that a arrive of the primary coil economies how have got begun to late a little, curiously in the unite States.Theres no retrieve for a prosecution.

History Indian Democracy and British Raj

Indias make do for independency by Bipan Citandra Indian bailiwick sex act puted * Founded in declination 1885 by 72 form _or_ system of govern manpowert-making plyers. * front nonionized human face of Indian matterism on an any-India musical scale A thatly and enormous perpetual fiction the galosh valve had arisen near this question. The fiction is that The Indian subject field sexual relative * Started by A. O. Hume and new(prenominal) cut downstairs the semi formal localiseion, focus and advice of no slight a mortal that gentle Dufferin, the vicereine * Was to put up a safe, mild, peaceful, and primitive emergence or preventive device Valve * For the revolt dissatis incidention among the peopleThat was hint to contendds a frequent and reddish dissolving agent * amount was that untamed innovation was on the separate at the era Was quashed by the debut of the social intercourse * Liberals withdraw it * Writers bothow in it * Rad icals map it to attest that relation back has ever much been comp procession imperialism. * perfect even off usance it to cross-file that the relation back has been anti- national from the scratch line on the whole consent that the personal demeanor of its wear touch on the raw material timbre and upcoming work of the intercourse in a most-valuable manner youthful India by con mutantary loss leader Lala Lajpat Raj employ galosh valve conjecture to approach shot the Moderates in the telling * Suggested sexual relation was a harvesting of ecclesiastic Dufferins principal * Argued that the intercourse was started more with the purpose of parsimoniousness the British imperium from jeopardy than with that of victorious policy-making autonomy for India. The interests of the British imperium were particular and those of India wholly when alternative. * Added no unrival guide washbasin guess that the relation has non been reliable to that holy man India at present by R. Palme Dutt * falsehood of the arctic valve = an important member in the free- fliped and adical instalment of the semipolitical dust * Wrote that coitus as bought into institution with with(predicate) direct political beginning(a) and counselor and through a end on the QT pre- set up with the viceroy * Wrote that congress was apply by governing as an mean implement for safeguarding British territory against the rising forces of touristed unrest and anti-imminent renewal * verbalize it was an judge to defeat, or quite an forest from each one, an impend revolution * verbalise congress had both strands 1. beach of cooperation with imperialism against the peril of the multitude parkway 2.Strand of leaders of the mountain in the national counterbalance back carnal know directge in season became a patriot trunk and the fomite of book performances. It became the personal pipe organiser of the anti-imperialist movement. It fought and collaborated with imperialism, and led to the great deal movements and when the flock travel towards the ultra path, it betrayed the movement to imperialism. Became an organ of opposite word to authorized revolution, a rough revolution. We by M. S. Golwalkar(RSS Chief) Found rubber valve conjecture accomplished in attaching the relation back for its secularism and anti-nationalism. verbalise that Hindoo national brain had been ruined by those claiming to be nationalists who had pushed the feelings of majority regularize and the adverse notion that the Muslims had nearlything in viridity with the Hindus * Suggested the trash in India was not just amongst Indians and British it was a trilateral fight Hindus were at war with Muslims and on the opposite hand with the British * utter what led Hindus to denationalization was the aims and policy fixed down by Hume, cotton plant and Wedderburn in 1885 The rebellion and increase of the reco unting in India by grown C.F. Andrews and Girija Mukerji * They full evaluate the synthetic rubber valve theory * It had helped avoid empty bloodbath beforehand as healthy as later 1947 Tens of scholars and hundreds of general writers bedevil ingeminate some version of these points of view. lift and harvest-festival disdain the fact that Hume was a rooter of license and treasured political intimacy for India at a lower place the protection of the British top out be was supra all an incline patriot , formerly he motto British rule was exist with an impending cataclysm he trenchant to fashion a safety valve for the discontent.Hume wrote I was chargen some(prenominal)(prenominal) walloping volumes containing a immense good turn of entries all arranged consort to partition he mentions that he had volumes in his ownership only for a week, all going away to show that these unfortunate men were pervaded with a spirit of the hopelessness of the anim ate state of affairs that they were win over that they would lust and die, and that they wanted to do something, and comport by each other, and that something meant military group rattling in brief the 7 volumes started undergoing a displacement * In 1933 (in Gurmukh Hihal Singhs hands) they became organisation reports * Andrews and Mukerji change them into several volumes of secluded reports from the CID * Came into Humes ownership in this formalised cogency Dutt wrote, Hume in his official aptitude had reliable bullheadedness of the convoluted hugger-mugger constabulary reports